HAPP111F: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Mediastinum

Snugly enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, the heart is flanked on each side by the lungs.

Apex

directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space.

Base

Broad posterosuperior aspect, or —, from which the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.

Pericardium

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the —— and is the outermost layer of the heart.

Fibrous Pericardium

The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac is referred to as the —-, which helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures such as the diaphragm and sternum.

Serous Pericardium

Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer —--, where its parietal layer lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium.

Epicardium

or the visceral and outermost layer is actually a part of the heart wall.

Myocardium

consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts.

Endocardium

is the innermost layer of the heart and is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium hat lines the heart chambers.

Recieving Chambers

The two superior atria are primarily the —-, they play a lighter role in the pumping activity of the heart.

Discharging Chambers

The two inferior, thick-walled ventricles are the —-, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation.

Septum

divides the heart longitudinally.

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

The heart receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the —— and pumps it through the pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary Arteries

The pulmonary trunk splits into —-, which carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded.

Pulmonary Veins

Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart through the —-

Aorta

Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the —— from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.

Atrioventicular Valve

located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, and they prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract.

Bicuspid Valve

The left AV valve- —— or mitral valve, consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium.

Tricuspid Valve

The right AV valve, the ——, has three flaps.

Semilunar Valves

The second set of valves, the ——, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers, thus they are known as the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.

Pulmonary SV

lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.

Aortic SV

lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and has three cusps.

Arteries

blood is propelled into large —- leaving the heart.

Arterioles

it feeds the capillary beds in the tissues.

Veins

capillary beds are drained by the venules.

Tunica Intima

which lines the lumen, interior of the vessels is a thin layer of endothelium it decreases the friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.

Tunica Media

The bulky middle coat which mostly consists of smooth muscles and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate making the blood pressure increase or decrease.

Tunica Externa

The outermost tunic composed largely of fibrous connective tissue and it supports and protects the vessels.

Coronary Arteries

The only branches of the ascending aorta. are the right and left coronary arteries which serves the heart.

Brachiocephalic Trunk

the first branch of aortic arch, splits into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.

Left common carotid artery

the second branch of aortic arch, and it divides forming the left internal carotid which serves the brain and left external carotid which serves the skin and muscles of the head and neck.

left subclavian artery

The third branch of aortic arch, it gives off an important branch which is the - vertebral artery which serves part of the brain.

Axillary Artery

in the axilla the subclavian artery becomes —

Brachial Artery

it supplies the arm

Radial and Ulnar Artery

serve the forearm

Intercoastal Arteries

ten pairs of —— supply the muscles of the thorax wall.

Celiac Trunk

the first branch of abdominal aorta.

Left gastric Artery

supplies the stomach

Splenic Artery

supplies the spleen

Common hepatic artery

supplies the liver

Superior Mesenteric Artery

supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine or colon.

Renal Artery

serves the kidneys.

Gonadal Artery

supply the gonads.

Ovarian Arteries

it is called in female gonad artery.

Testicular Artery

it is called in male gonad artery.

Lumbar Arteries

serving the heavy muscles in the abdomen and trunk walls.

Inferior mesenteric artery

a small unpaired artery that supplies the second half of the large intestine.

Common iliac artery

the final branches of the abdominal aorta.

radial and ulnar veins

are deep veins draining the forearm.

Cephalic Vein

provides for the superficial drainage of the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein.

Basilic Vein

is a superficial vein that drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein proximally.

Medial Cubital Vein

often chosen as the site for blood removal for the purpose of blood testing.

Subclavian Vein

it receives venous blood from the arm through the axillary vein and from the skin and muscles of the head through the external jugular vein.

Vertebral Vein

drains the posterior part of the head.

Internal Jugular Vein

vein drains the dural sinuses of the brain.

Brachiocephalic Vein

are large veins that receive venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins on their respective sides.

Azygos Vein

is a single vein that drains the thorax and enters the superior vena cava just before it joins the heart.

Tibial Veins

drains the leg.

Great saphenous veins

are the longest veins in the body.

Common iliac vein

is formed by the union of the external iliac vein and the internal iliac vein which drains the pelvis.

Gonadal Veins

drains the right ovary in females and the right testicles in males.

Renal Veins

drain the kidneys.

Hepatic portal vein

is a single vein that drains the digestive tract organs and carries this blood through the liver before it enters the systemic circulation.

Hepatic veins

drain the liver.

Systole

means heart contraction.

Diastole

means heart relaxation.

Cardiac Cycle

refers to the events of one complete heart beat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax.

Stroke Volume

is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat.

Pressure Points

There are several clinically important arterial pulse points, and these are the same points that are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhage, referred to as?

Blood Pressure

is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels, and it is the force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats.

Intercellular clefts

Limited passage of fluid and small solutes is allowed by —-.

Fenestrated capillaries

Very free passage of small solutes and fluid is allowed by —-.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium often results in a decrease in the already small amount of serous fluid.

Incompetent valve

forces the heart to pump and repump the same blood because the valve does not close properly and blood backflows.

Valvular stenosis

the valve flaps become stiff, often because of repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium (endocarditis). This forces the heart to contract more vigorously than normal.

Heart Block

ventricles begin to beat at their own rate, which is much slower, due to damage to the AV node.

Ischemia

lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscles may lead to fibrillation.

Fibrillation

rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscles which makes the heart totally useless as a pump and is a major cause of death from heart attacks in adults.

Angina Pectoris

myocardium is deprived of oxygen often result in crushing chest pain which may result to MI or Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack).

Heart Murmurs

Abnormal or unusual heart sounds- indicate valve problems.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

typically develops over time and is caused by the weakening of the heart caused by coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, or numerous myocardial infarctions.

orthostatic hypotension

temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when abrupt standing from a reclining or sitting position.

Chronic hypertension

common and dangerous disease that warns of increased peripheral resistance. Although it progresses without symptoms for the first 10 to 20 years, it slowly and surely strains the heart and damages the arteries.