chemical bonding

Why do atoms bond?

Atoms bond to achieve stable electron arrangements by filling their outer electron shells.

What is the Octet Rule?

Atoms aim for 8 electrons in their outer shell, except for hydrogen and helium, which aim for 2.

What is ionic bonding?

A type of bonding that occurs between metals and non-metals, where metals lose electrons to form positive ions and non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions.

What happens in ionic bonding?

Metals lose electrons to form cations, and non-metals gain electrons to form anions, creating strong bonds due to opposite charges attracting.

Give an example of ionic bonding.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of ionic bonding.

What is covalent bonding?

A type of bonding that occurs between non-metal atoms, where atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve full outer shells.

What can covalent bonds form?

Covalent bonds can form single, double, or triple bonds depending on the number of shared electron pairs.

Give examples of covalent compounds.

Water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) are examples of covalent compounds.

What is metallic bonding?

A type of bonding that occurs between metal atoms, where they share a 'sea of electrons' that move freely.

What are some properties of ionic compounds?

High melting and boiling points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water, and often form crystalline solids.

What are some properties of covalent compounds?

Low melting and boiling points for small molecules and do not conduct electricity due to lack of free ions or electrons.

What are some properties of metallic compounds?

High melting and boiling points, conduct electricity and heat, and are malleable and ductile.

What is an ion?

A charged particle formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded covalently.

Define electrostatic attraction.

The force that holds ions together in ionic bonds.

What is a lattice structure?

A regular arrangement of ions in ionic compounds.

What are delocalized electrons?

Electrons in a metallic bond that move freely.