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what is covalent bonding
covalent bonding is when two nonmetals bond
how does covalent bonding work
when two non metals share their outer electrons to create a full outer shell
what is ionic bonding
it is when a metal and non metal bond
how does ionic bonding work
is when a metal with a almost empty shell bonds with a non-metal with an almost full outer shell, the metal looses the outer electrons and gives it to the non metal, turning the atoms into ions, creating an ionic compound.
how are the atoms attracted to each other in ionic bonding
the ions in ionic bonding have opposite charges means they are attracted to each other through electrostatic forces
what is metallic bonding
metallic bonding is when two metals bond
how does metallic bonding work
in a solid metal compound, there is a ‘ sea of delocalised electrons’ moving freely however attracted to the positive ions in a regular pattern held together by strong electrostatic forces
how does metal get its properties from the delocalised electrons
The electrostatic attraction causes bond between the electrons and the positive ions to be very strong making their boiling and melting point higher.
delocalised electrons can carry the current through the compound making them good conductors of heat and electricity
The layers being able to slide over each other in metallic bonding make them malleable
acid + base = ?
salt + water
acid + metal = ?
salt + hydrogen gas
acid + carbonate =
salt + water + carbon dioxide
what has to be added to an element to create an acid
hydrogen
what is a precipitate
an insoluble substance formed from the reaction of 2 solutions
what is in solute
component in the solution, which is getting dissolved.
what is a solvent
Component in the solution that is doing the dissolving
what is a saturated solution?
saturated solution is when under the existing temperature and state, no more solute will dissolve in the solvent.
what is a super saturated solution?
When a solution contains more than the maximum of solute in the solvent at a given temperature
What is concentration?
The amount of solute there is in the solvent. If there is more solute is more concentrated. If there is less solute it is less concentrated.
what is collision theory?
collision theory states that in order for a chemical reaction to occur the particles must collide at just the right orientation and just write energy. Successful collision particles must collide at just the right amount of orientation and energy
what does activation energy?
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to start.
what is the rate of reaction?
to do with collision theory, rate of reaction is the time it takes for a chemical reaction to show chemical change
what are factors that affect the rate of reaction and how?
agitation - can increase the rate by stiring and ensuring that all the particles stay in touch and it avoids buildup of products around the reactants
temperature - by increasing temperature it will heat up the solution causing there to be more energy and speed in the particles, they will move around more colliding more often and harder breaking more bonds increasing the rate of reaction.
concentration - particles are more likely to collided more particles are present. concentration can also be used to slow down the rate of reactions for example a sandwich in a plastic bag, which traps the oxygen to slow down the process of it going bad
surface area - when something is powdered down there is more volume for the solution to react with which means the collisions would be more frequent rather than a solid block decreasing the rate of reaction.
catalyst - catalyst are substances that speed up the reaction, however they are not included in the reaction themselves. catalyst lower the activation energy which means there will be a higher portion of collisions
why does Co2 say carbon dioxide but MgCl2 is magnesium chloride and not magnesium dichloride
because carbon dioxide is a covalent bond and magnesium chloride is an ionic bond and the two next to the chloride is stating how many chlorine items there must be in order to make this balanced equation while the bond says di as there are 2 oxygens
how does an atom become an ion?
an atom becomes an ion through losing or gaining electrons. when drawing electron for diagrams for ions, the amount of electrons it has will change depending on the valency table
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