Thorax and Lungs

borders of thoracic wall

superior: superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet), inferior: inferior thoracic aperture, lateral: ribs, posterior: ribs

bones that create the superior thoracic aperture

first vertebrae, first rib, superior manubrium

bones that create the inferior thoracic aperture

T12 vertebrae, ribs 11 and 12, costal arch (ribs 7-10)

non-typical thoracic vertebrae

T10-T12: only one costal facet on the body, T11-T12: no costal facets on TPs

typical ribs

3-9

parts of a typical rib

head, neck, tubercle, body, costal groove

function of costal groove

intercostal nerves and arteries run through

joints of the ribs

costovertebral and costotransverse

motion that occurs at joints at the ribs

sliding and gliding

location of articular cartilage on ribs

head and tubercle

part of the rib that articulates with the vertebral body

head

part of the rib that articulates with the TP

tubercle

atypical ribs

1, 2, 11, 12

what is atypical about the first rib

thicker, bumpier, more curved

what is atypical about ribs 11 and 12

no articular region on tubercle, much shorter

true ribs

1-7

false ribs

8-10

floating ribs

11, 12

characteristics of true ribs

each rib has its own direct unique attachment to sternum via costal cartilage

sychondrosis joint

where the costal cartilage connects to the sternum

characteristics of false ribs

costal cartilage joins together and then with rib 7 before attaching to the sternum

characteristics of floating ribs

no anterior articulation or articulation with TPs

what rib articulates with the sternal angle

rib 2

types of intercostal muscles

external, internal, innermost

characteristics of external intercostal muscles

run in same direction as EO, goes ¾ of the way around and membrane connects them to the sternum

characteristics of internal intercostal muscles

run in same direction as IO, sits on external intercostal membrane, goes all the way to the sternum

characteristics of respiratory diaphragm

closes inferior thoracic aperture, has an opening for things to go into the abdominal cavity

location of intercostal neurovascular bundles

deep in thoracic cavity, between internal and inner most intercostal muscles

components of intercostal neurovascular bundles

arteries from the descending aorta and nerves from ventral rami T1-T11

spaces in the thoracic cavity

2 pleural cavities and mediastinum

visceral pleura

attached to lung

parietal pleura

attached to thoracic wall

function of fluid in pleural cavities

allows for sliding of lungs which is critical for breathing

pressure in pleural cavity

negative (less than atmospheric pressure) to keep the lungs expanded

recesses in pleural cavity

costomediastinal and costodiaphragmatic

function of pleural recess

works like axillary pouch to allow lungs to expand and take a bigger breath

carina area

location where trachea bifricates into the bronchi

number of lobes in left lung

2

number of lobes in right lung

3

hilum

contains things that go in and out of the lungs (root)

function of the root of the lung

connects the lung with the heart and trachea

components of the root of the lung

pulmonary arteries and veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes

function of pulmonary arteries

deliver blood to lungs to get oxygenated

function of bronchial vessels

blood supply for the lungs

key indentations on right lung

groove for superior vena cava, small cardiac impression, diaphragmatic surface

key indentations on left lung

groove for descending aorta, large cardiac impression

how does the location of the heart affect the shape of the lungs

heart on left side → bigger cardiac impression on left lung → heart takes up more space → only 2 lobes on left lung