quiz on box notes 15-27

unit 7 - post classical europe

Sagas

Sagas

long tales (stories) that the Vikings made up

Feudalism

the medieval system of mutual responsibility between lord and vassal

Fiefs

land/estates with peasants, granted to the warriors

Vassal

agreed to provide his lord with a certain number of knights for battle during a period of 40 to 60 days each year

Decentralization

the ________ of feudalism set the stage for the church to emerge as the strongest force in Europe (basically means to transfer control from one person to a bunch of smaller groups/local officials)

Secular Clergy

a phrase meaning “of the world”, it was made up of the Pope, bishops, and priests.

Monks and Nuns

they lived apart from society and were known as regular clergy – a phrase meaning “living by a rule”

Monasticism

religious practice of full devotion to faith and withdrawal from the outside world

Benedictine Rule

Monks could not own goods, never marry, had to live a life of poverty

Secular Power

held by the Catholic Church, means “worldly”. It had laws and courts dealing with cases related to the clergy, doctrine, marriage, and morals. The Church had feudal ties which boosted its wealth and power but undermined its spirituality.

Heresy

the denial of basic church teachings

Excommunication

expulsion from the Church

Inquisition

a court set up in 1232 designed to seek out and punish heretics

Repented

to confess

Manorialism

medieval system of economic self sufficiency

Serfs

people who tended to the land and maintained the estate, and in turn Lords provided serfs with housing, protection, and land to farm.

Crusades

military expeditions staged by Christians focused on winning back the holy land from its Muslim occupants.

Justinian’s Code

codification of all previous Roman laws - basis for future legal systems

Cyrillic Alphabet

an alphabet that helped spread eastern Orthodox Christianity to the Slavic peoples/Russia

Icons

most popular art form- portrayed saints and other religious figures (very controversial)

Mosaics

pictures made of tiny pieces of colored glass

Illuminated Manuscript

created by religious scholars and provided a record of daily life between 300 and 1200

The Franks

emerged as the strongest Germanic group in Western Europe around AD 400.

Merovingian Dynasty

In AD 732 Charles Martel led the successful defense of France from a Muslim invasion

Carolingian Dynasty

i cant find anything for this sorry fam

Charlemagne

Pepin’s son, who became the Frankish king and nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom

Jewish Diaspora

the spreading out of the Jewish demographic in Medieval Europe. Many Christians began to see Jews as outsiders and unfairly blamed them for plagues and other problems. By the 1200’s, western european leaders began expelling Jewish subjects, and those expelled fled to Poland where they were more accepted.

Vikings

warriors who traveled in long, deckless ships with one sail known for surprise attacks

Benedict

founded a monastery at Monte Cassino in Italy

Monte Cassino

became a model for other monasteries

Pope Innocent

headed a council that condemned drunkenness, feasting, and dancing among the clergy in 1215

Francis of Assisi

A reformer of the AD 1200’s, he and his followers sought to follow the simple life of Jesus, they were persuasive preachers who devoted their lives to stopping heresy

Castles

were built by lords for defense

(Pope) Urban II

called on all Christians to unite and fight a holy Crusade

Impact of the Crusades

• Cultural Diffusion: Europeans had greater exposure to new ideas; Use of zero in math

• Foreign products-silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton cloth, raisins, glass; New Learning

• From contact with the Muslims in Spain, Europeans rediscovered the writings of the Greeks and Romans

• The European demand for new products like spices, lemons, and rugs led to increased trade

• Growth of Intolerance

Byzantine Empire

the eastern half of the divided Roman empire. The land included most of the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, southern Spain, Asia Minor, Syria, and North Africa

Constantinople

the Byzantine capital

Justinian

ruled the Byzantine Empire at its height (became Emperor in 527)

Theodora

Justinian’s wife (concerned with improving the social standing of Byzantine women)

Cyril and Methodius

most successful missionaries (Cyril devised the Cyrillic alphabet)

Orthodox Christianity

type of Christianity

Great Schism

separation between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, political and geographic differences led to this