ENWC201 exam 2

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is:

Caused by an infectious misfolded protein, or prion, that creates vacuoles in a deers brain and alters their behavior to the point that they slowly die from starvation

Vector

An organism that carries pathogens from one host to another, or from a reservoir to a host

Zoonosis

An animal disease that can be transmitted to humans, but we are not a necessary part of the cycle

Resevoir

Any living or nonliving substance that may perpetuate a pathogen in nature

Epizootic

A disease that appears at an unexpected rate, synonymous with Epidemic in humans

Starvation is not considered a disease, as it is not infectious and thus can not be "transmitted" from one animal to another. ( T/F)

False

Brown tree snakes in Guam are an example of:

An introduced predator that is affecting populations of birds directly through predation

Zebra mussels were carried into the great lakes in the ballast water of tanker ships. They were brought frequently, arrived in good health (high quality), and in large numbers (quantity). This is a high _________ ________, meaning they are more likely to be a successful invasive species

Propagule Pressure

T/f Starlings were introduced to the United States by Shakespeare enthusiasts. The birds have since spread across the United States and are out-competing native birds (like the blue bird

true

T/F Although greenhouse gasses are important for maintaining our earths climate, as we increase the amount of them in our atmosphere we are causing more long-wave radiation to be captured/reflected back to the earth, thus causing warming. Similar to how a greenhouse works for plants.

True

T/F Increasing levels of acidity in our oceans (lower pH) is leading to an increase in the availability of free calcium, we will thus see an increase in the number of small organisms such as diatoms and dinoflagellates that are at the bottom of the food web.

False

If spring leaf out date in our eastern forests continue to be earlier and earlier, but migratory song birds return at the same time as always from central and South America, we may see what is called a _____________ mismatch. Breeding birds may suffer because they will miss critical food supplies tied to the leaf out date of trees.

phenological

This disease is carried by bison, and is of great concern to ranchers bordering Yellowstone.

Brucellosis

(T/F) The IUCN Red List is used to track whether species from across the world are threatened with extinction.

True

(T/F) When the extinction of a species is followed by extinctions of several other species due to the disruption of losing the first species, we call it a "waterfall effect".

False

I value dung beetles for their effectiveness at decomposistion of cattle feces, as it helps limit infestations of various flies which lay eggs on cowpies.

Utilitarian - Services

I feel that koalas have a right to exist, regardless of whether they are of a benefit to my own well being

Inherent

I value deer as a food resource and enjoy harvesting them for meat

Utilitarian - Goods

Everytime I take an aspirin I appreciate the fact that the formula was originally derived from the bark of a willow tree

Utilitarian - Information

Leopold's "Land Ethic" proposes that we:

Enlarge our concept of community to include things such as soils, waters, plants, and animals, when making ethical decisions.

When developing a recovery plan for an endangered species the government must consider:

Congress is considering modifying the Endangered Species Act to include "Economic Considerations" in the decision making process over whether or not to protect a given species. This is reflecting which philosophical approach to environmental ethics?

Whether it would be more economically viable to allow the species to go extinct

Any factors that may be limiting populations, e.g., diseases, harvest, etc.

Habitat, including manipulation and acquisition

Whether or not reintroduction will be necessary to recover the species.

Congress is considering modifying the Endangered Species Act to include "Economic Considerations" in the decision making process over whether or not to protect a given species. This is reflecting which philosophical approach to environmental ethics?

Anthropocentrism

T/F The Endangered Species Act makes it illegal to "take" and endangered animal. This "take" is then defined only as the intentional harvest of an individual (i.e., take = hunting for an animal).

False

The spotted owl has fully recovered, i.e., no longer endangered, and faces no new threats, due to our placing it on the Endangered Species Act, and subsequently limiting old growth timber harvest.

False

What actions were taken to successfully remove the American alligator from the Endangered Species List?

The main threat to the alligators was overexploitation. Once this threat was removed, the alligators recovered.

T/F Category I protected areas allow direct exploitation of fish and wildlife via harvest (fishing and hunting).

False

The "dual mandate" faced by managers of National Parks in the United States refers to

The need to manage for both recreational opportunites as well as for ecosystems

T/F In large part because of the work of Ernest. F. Coe, Everglades National Park was officially established by Congress in 1934.

False

A protected area which includes a "core area", with little human use, surrounded by a "buffer zone", where research, recreation, and other low impact activities occur, and then even further surrounded by a "transition area" with low to moderate human use, including some extractive resource use, is called a:

Biosphere Reserve

T/F Yellowstone is a Category II protected area and a World Heritage Site.

True

Fill in the blank:

_____ Parks are protected areas that we have established on a map, but we are unable to enforce their protection due to a lack of resources

paper

t/f An NGO is a Non-Governmental Organization that can pursue various activities, including wildlife conservation. They are critical at every level of conservation, from local to international.

True

t/f A common theme throughout the mission statements of each NGO that we reviewed in lecture was to focus solely (only) on ecosystems and wildlife, despite all of the sacrifices that people would need to make to achieve conservation success.

false

(T/F) Playa Ostional allows community members to sustainably harvest sea turtle eggs to promote sea turtle conservation.

true

How was the Children’s Eternal Rainforest preserve created?

School children in Sweden raised money and sent it to the Monteverde Conservation League to start the preserve. Now children in 54 different countries are involved in the project.

What is one reason that the wood stork has had low nesting success

Water levels in the everglades are no longer naturally regulated

( T/F) Due to our attitudes, values, and beliefs, we tend to favor reintroduction of animals that are charismatic, i.e., wolves, or ferrets. But we will also focus on important species like ecosystem engineers

True

Which of the following were threats to the red wolf that caused its near extinction and that needed to be addressed both before and/or after its reintroduction? (choose all correct answers as discussed in lecture

1. Habitat loss due to conversion

2. invasive coyotes that hybridize with red wolves

3. Overexploitation due to a predator bounty

(T/F) Black footed ferrets could only be reintroduced once prairie dog populations had been fully eliminated. The prairie dog was an invasive species that competes with ferrets for their primary food resource (vegetation).

False

Reintroduction

the intentional release of a species into its natural range where it has been lost, with the goal of establishing a new or healthy population

(T/F) Wildlife conservation was only successful in Zimbabwe once they banned all hunting, including trophy hunting, in the late 1980s. This allowed wildlife populations to flourish (increase dramatically) and for the local people in remote villages to live harmoniously next to the local parks and game reserves

False

In the Milking the Rhino film we observed:

A community based conservation program centered around a locallly owned eco-lodge for willdife sight seeing.

Matching:

The Pittsburgh Botanic Garden is beneffiting from a Federal program to restore abandoned surface mining sites. Restoration will focus on stabilization of terrain and removal of pollutants.

Reclamation.

• the active process of reintroducing a species to a habitat where it was once present but has become significantly depleted or entirely absent, often due to human activities, with the goal of restoring the ecological balance of the area by helping the species population recover

First State Pond is a man-made wetland in Delware that mimics the shape of the State of Delaware and even has 3 islands in the locations of Wilmington, Dover, and Georgetown. Previous to this restoration activity the site was not a wetland.

Replacement

• the process where one species in an ecological community is gradually replaced by another over time, often due to changes in environmental conditions, competition between species, or disturbances like fire, leading to a shift in the dominant species within a habitat

The Civil War Trust is working to restore the Franklin Battlefield in Tenessee to the condition it was in during the Civil War, but not its natural pre-anthropogenic change state

Recreation

• a growing conservation concern

• referred to as species recreation or species revival, involves efforts to restore a species that has been extinct or is in danger of extinction. This can be achieved through various methods

(T/F) Restoration and even Replacement of ecosystems is such an advanced science that we are able to perfectly mimic nature, e.g., when we create a wetland. This means that we are able to convert a wetland in one location to another land use, such as a parking lot, but then perfectly replace it in another location, thus having no net loss.

False

(T/F)Education is a critical component of conservation as it can help form values and ethics at all levels, e.g., K-12, University, and even through the media.

True

The main purpose of Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge is to;

1. Provide habitat for waterfowl

2. Protect critical habitat home to many species

3. Protect, restore, and manage wetlands

4. Protect threatened and endangered species

5. All of the above

All of the above

(T/F) We depend on wildlife the ecosystems they live in for our own ability to survive on this planet.

True