UIL Roaring Twenties

Nicholas A's quizlet but moved over to here.

100% Americanism

1918 film of Canadian girl, Mary Pickford Actress, going to ball, admittance of 1 liberty bond (retitled 100% Canadian for Canadian release), term that disparages hyphenated Americans (who aren't 100% American)

16th Amendment

Federal income tax permitted, added in 1913 and was a key step for wealth distribution while clearing the way for the 18th amendment by ending reliance on excise tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages 1919, conceived by Wayne Wheeler

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote 1920

1920 Census

revealed that for the first time, a majority of the American people lived in urban areas (rather than rural) - enumerated based on place regularly slept, not work, "floaters" counted, did not ask about employment or service in Union/Confederacy, number of children and years married omitted, 4 new questions: year of naturalization, three about mother tongue, report province parent was born in

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition, only amendment to be ratified by a state ratifying convention after FDR signs Cullen-Harrison Act in April 1933

20th Amendment

Congress shall meet 3rd of January and at least once per year (instead of waiting until fall)

American Civil Liberties Union

Roger Baldwin + New York 1920 to protect First Amendment rights + Due process, originally created to protect labor rights but shifted to freedom of expression

American Breeders Association

First national organization promoting genetic, originally founded 1903 to study plant and animal genetics, eugenic research by agricultural scientists, launched American Eugenics Movement - Mendelian, biometric, cytological studies, in line with Country Life movement and provided easy access to national organization and journal

Amos n' Andy

Blackface radio show broadcast nightly on NBC with wide appeal, with white actors Freedman Gosden and Charles Corell, it reran in the fifties as the first show with an all black cast, roots in show "Sam 'n' Henry," debuted on Chicago radio WMAQ, 1929 onward broadcast nightly on NBC, continued in its nightly serial format until 1943 when revamped as sitcom, NAACP boycott, cancelled by CBS 1953

Anti Evolution League

1924 formed with Dr. JW Porter, supporting anti-evolution mostly in Tennessee - Endorsed the Poole Bill in NC and field secretary TT Martin travelled to encourage banning evolution (Christian Evangelist), publication "The Conflict,"

Anti Saloon League

Founded in Ohio 1893, became national 1895 with support from Christian Evangelists. Advocated prohibition and strict enforcement - dissolved in 1933 after 21st Amendment, focused entirely on prohibition unlike other orgs, extremely powerful and attacked candidates based on alcohol position, 1950 merged with other groups to form National Temperance League

Art Deco Movement

Intended to create sophisticated, sleek representation of anti-traditional elegance to symbolize wealth and sophistication, named after debut in Paris the "Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes"

Atlantic City Conference

13-16 May 1929 meeting of crime leaders in US, representing first move towards National Crime Syndicate, discussed possible repeal of 18th amendment and lost profits from beer wars

Babbitt

Sinclair Lewis novel published 1922 criticizing middle class conformity, materialism, and anti-intellectualism, made Babbittry a synonym for conformity, novel won Lewis a Nobel Prize in 1930, George F Babbitt in Midwestern town Zenith is pillar of community until questions life after friend shoots his own wife

Back to Africa

Failed Marcus Garvey movement advocating blacks should go "Back to Africa" resembling 1820 movement kickstarting abolition, few actually left US

Bible Belt

Term for the American south coined by Mencken - south largely conservative, protestant Christians

Black Sox Scandal

Chicago White Sox scandal, bribed to lose 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds by mobsters, grand jury trial in 1921 but all players acquitted and evidence went missing, all players banned from MLB for life, Eddie Cicotte, Claude Lefty Williams, Arnold Chick Gandil, Charles Swede Risberg, George Buck Weaver, Joe Shoeless Joe Jackson, Oscar Happy Felsch, Fred McMullin, received $70-100k for losing 5:3

Black Thursday, Monday, Tuesday

Oct 24 (Thursday) 1929 Stocks purchased on-margin forcing investors to liquidate, dropping prices, October 29 (black Tuesday) 16 million shares traded, Dow dropped 12 percent and closed at 198 - drop of 183 points in less than 2 months

Bolshevik Revolution

Oct 24-25 (October Revolution), Soviets seize Russia

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash during Depression led by Walter W Waters, pension wasn't due until 1945, Patten tank division dispersed, "Bonus Expeditionary Force," set up shanties along Anacostia River

Boston Police Strike 1919

Calvin Coolidge proclaimed that nobody had the right to strike against the public safety because no police to enforce law, sent entire militia and subsequently fired entire police force, two men killed, 80% police force protested, police force affiliated with AFL after WWI, Mayor Andrew J. Peters calls in militia, Coolidge sends entire militia

Buying on margin

Using a loan to pay an investment

California Alien Land Law of 1920

Asian immigrants or children of Asians cannot purchase land supported by popular Japanese and Korean Exclusion League, Hollywood Association, California press and Anti-Jap-Laundry League, originally passed 1913 but expanded 1920-23

Centralia Massacre 1919

\_________ Washington on the first anniversary parade of Armistice Day - American Legion (veterans) vs Wobblies, caused by built up animosity over radical, socialist, and immigrant favoring policies of IWW - contributed to Red Scare, also affected neighboring town Chehalis, Harding tributed and sides commemorated separately with mural and monument

Chicago Beer Wars

Crime in Chicago tripled 1920 because of prohibition, gangs such as Al Capone + Johnny Torrio Chicago Outfit, Bug's Moran North Side Gang, Joseph Smith Organization - bootlegged, prostitution, gambling, theft, Italian Chicago Outfit vs Irish + Eastern European North Side Gang, used "Tommy Guns" developed for WWI

Saint Valentine's Day Massacre

Four people dressed as officers executed seven North Side Gang members in Lincoln Park garage, victims members of George Bugs Moran gang, led to scrutiny of Al Capone, victims Adam Heyer, Frank Gusenberg, Pete Gusenberg, John May, Al Weinshank, James Clark, Dr. Reinhardt H. Schwimmer

Chrysler Building

NYC building designed by William Van Alen exemplifying Art Deco, briefly tallest building in the world 1929 until Empire State Building 1931, first man made structure over 1000 feet, now National Historic Landmark

Columbine Mine Massacre

1927, Serene Colorado, militia vs striking unarmed coal miners allegedly shot with machine gun, 500 coal miners on strike for 5 weeks, 6 strikers killed, dozens injured

Communist Labor Party

Peaked before 1942 and WW2, forced underground by Palmer Raids in 1920, merged with Communist Party of America and Workers Party of America in 1921 to form Communist Party of America, originally established 1919 after Socialist party split

Coney Island

Amusement Park in Brooklyn NY, originally Rabbit Island (Konikjn Island) by Dutch Settlers, subway in 1920 enhanced accessibility, Sea Gate residential district, New York Aquarium in 1957

Cotton Club

Harlem nightspot featuring black entertainers such as Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, etc., White only and owned by gangsters with an extensive alcohol list, owned by Owen Madden after taking over from first black heavyweight champ Jack Johnson (Club Deluxe 400-seat) and renovated, made 700 seat, declined in 1935 after Harlem Riots, closed 1940

Dadaism

Movement that rejected bourgeois capitalist society and "Reason" and "logic" for causing WW1, centered around Alfred Stieglitz 291 Gallery, Walter Arsenberg wealthy patrons, artists as Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Morton Schamberg, and Francis Picabia, embracing chaos and irrationality, mocking establishment, Famous "Fountain 1917" art piece of urinal

Dance Marathons

Trend of young people who dance as long as they can for money, emerged like flagpole sitting and six-day bicycle races, many towns banned as disruptive, "bunion derbies," "corn and callus carnivals," "walkathons," respect acquired through married dance teams like Vernon and Irene Castle

Dawes Plan

Arrangement for Germany to pay war reparations, Charles Dawes under Coolidge, meetings in Paris January 14, 1924

Dust Bowl

Drought period in the Great Plains 1930-1936 - low rainfall, overcultivation and mostly livestock until WWI, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas

Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill

1918 Leonidas Dyer representing black district passed 1922 by House but filibustered in Senate, supported by NAACP, Emmett Till Antilynching Act finally passed in both houses 2022, Moorfield Storey of NAACP declared unconstitutional, influenced language of future bills such as 1950s Costigan-Wagner Bill

Elaine Massacre

1919 Arkansas at Progressive Farmers and Household Union, 100 black sharecroppers attended asking for better pay, shots fired supported by State militia and KKK, deadliest race riot in Arkansas, post-massacre coverup leading to 100 indictments of Blacks, 5 whites killed, hundreds Africans killed

Election of 1920

Harding vs James M Cox, landslide election because of democrats in disarray after Wilson + Harding's "Return to normalcy"

Election of 1924

Coolidge vs John W Davis and Progressive Party candidate Robert M La Follette

Election of 1928

Hoover vs Al Smith after Coolidge decides not to run - hot issues of Prohibition, anti-Catholic sentiment, black rights, women's rights, "rugged individualism"

Election of 1932

FDR defeats Hoover, first Great Depression election ending period of Republican domination

Electric Suction Sweeper

Vacuum cleaner by James Murray Spangler while working as janitor in Canton, Ohio around 1907, later created Electric Suction Sweeper Company renamed 1922 Hoover Company because of investor William H "Boss" Hoover

Escapism

Emerged during depression, Alan Brinkley writes "Culture and Politics in the Great Depression" explaining how this helped, the Life magazine was prominent in 30s because of this

Eugenics

Coined 1883 by Francis Galton (natural scientist), influenced by Darwin, supported until Nazis did it

Federal Highway Act of 1921

Phipps Act (Senator Lawrence C Phipps) of Colorado signed November 9 1921, 7% of total highway mileage must be federal road, plan crafted by Thomas MacDonald

Flagpole Sitting

Trend in 20s started in 1924 when Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly hired to sit atop pole by theater to promote movie, 13 hours 13 minutes record (Kelly), nickname given because allegedly a Titanic survivor

Florida Land Boom

1924-1926 lots of land speculation, swindling with flimsy poor constructed homes, shaped Florida's future and created new cities in Everglades land such as as Coral Gables, Hialeah, Miami Springs, Opa locka, Miami Shores, Miami-Dade County, Fulford-by-the-Sea, Isola di Lolando, Okeelanta, Boca Raton, and Hollywood, led to financial collapse after back-to-back years of hurricanes 1926-27

Forced Sterilization

Buck V Bell 1927 decided ok to sterilize mentally ill, California Asexualization Acts 19102-20s led to disproportionately black, Mexican population deemed mentally ill

Fordlandia

Secure a source of rubber for automobile manufacturing, Ford made industrial town in Brazilian state "Para," sold back to Brazil after synthetic rubber invented 1945, located on east banks of Tapajos river

Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922

raised tariffs on many imported goods, promoting foreign trade with huge loans to Europe who bought more US goods, Europe subsequently raised tariffs, Farmers lots 300 million annually because of tariffs

Fundamentalist

Conservative religious movement - strict conformity to the bible

General Motors

William C Durant founded 1908 that absorbed many other car companies, largest moto-vehicle manufacturer for much of 20th century to early 21st century, largest seller of horse-drawn vehicles before automobiles, stratified approach to sales providing different vehicles for different incomes, consolidated Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Oakland (later Pontiac), Ewing, Marquette, Reliance, Rapid Trucks, 1912 electric self starter Cadillac made hand crank obsolete, later Chevrolet, Delco Products, Fisher Body Company, Frigidaire

Great Colorado Coal Strike of 1927

October 18, 1927 Columbine Massacre, suppressed by history claiming country was united by WWI until depression in 1930s

Great Migration

Diffusion of African Americans to northern/Western cities, 6 million blacks

Great Mississippi Flood

1927 most destruction river flood in US history around Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana among Mississippi delta, spurred Great Migration, displacing blacks who lived along the Lower Mississippi, all states along Mississippi, almost covered all of Arkansas

Harlem Renaissance

1918-1937 - dispel black stereotypes, break Victorian moral values and bourgeois (black movement)

Hays Office

Motion Picture Producers and Distributers of America - formed by film leaders to counteract government censorship and improve publicity under Will H Hays developed Production Code (supplanted 1966), applied morals to actors contracts and dictated what was acceptable, voluntary until scandals required strict enforcement, supplanted 1966 by voluntary rating system

Holland Tunnel

Vehicular tunnel under Hudson River that solved the problem of ventilating a long vehicular tunnel considering it an engineering achievement, originally Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel, named after engineer Clifford Milburn \______, completed 1927, north tube 8558 ft, south 8371 ft, 20 ft wide, 93.4 ft below water

Hollywood

California was ideal because of mild climate, sunshine, varied terrain, large labor market, many filmmakers migrated here to avoid patent lawsuits from Edison's MPPC, Tinseltown, foothills of Santa Monica Mountains and Beverly Hills

Hooverville

shanty towns built by the homeless during the Great Depression blaming President Hoover

Hyphenated Americans

Immigrants

Increased Penalties Act 1929, (Jones Act/Jones-Stalker Act),

Increased penalty for violating prohibition any penalty should be fine under 10k or imprisonment under 5 years, "5 and 10" Act because increased penalties to 5 and 10 years, created to punish mobsters but public say as unrealistic attempt to enforce unpopular law

Indian Citizenship Act

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections signed 1924 by Coolidge recognizing Natives who served in WW1, proposed by Homer P Snyder

Installment Credit

Installment Plan or Hire -purchase Plan, adopted by US during WW1 to purchase automobiles, then very prominent after

IWW

Founded in Chicago 1905, opposed capitalism and other major unions, considered too radical by the AFL

Issei

Immigrant born in Japan

Jazz Age

Disillusioned people from WW1 rebelled against prewar conventions allowing this to thrive, coined by Fitzgerald

KDKA

first commercially licensed radio station from Pittsburgh, airing 1920 broadcasting election results - successful and motivated others

KKK

First lasted until 1871 when Grant passed \____ act authorizing military force (determined unconstitutional later), 1915 organized by William J Simmons, Edward Clarke and Elizabeth Tyler brought to prominence with Southern Publicity Association, inspired by Birth of a Nation (DW Griffith) and Thomas Dixon's "Clansman 1905"1

Leopold and Loeb Trial

1924 murdered Robert Bobby Franks, Clarence Darrow secures life imprisonment instead of execution, both inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche to commit killings, Stateville Penitentiary

Lindy Hop

Black dance based on jazz and Charleston, popular in Swing Era (30s-40s)

Lost Generation

Ernest Hemingway, Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane - "lost" because values no longer relevant in post war

Mah-Jongg

Chinese game that became a fad in mid 1920s US and Australia (the one old people play with the tiles), played with four people

Mass Media

means of communication that reaches large numbers of people in a short time

NAACP

1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - WEB Du Bois, Ida Bell Wells Barnett, Mary White Ovington, published "The Crisis," calls for end of Jim Crow laws and the right to vote for Black Americans

National Broadcasting Company

1926 originally a four-hour radio program from ballroom of Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in NY - became joint effort of RCA, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, founded by Davie Sarnoff, originally "Red and Blue networks," until antitrust issues split Blue Network (ABC)

New Woman

No Victorian norms, sex appeal (coined 1920), autonomy, individuality, reject mother's ways, spurred by new freedom from 19th Amendment

Nickelodeon

The one in Pittsburgh by Harry Davis paved way for proliferation by Harry Davis

Nisei

Child of Japanese immigrants who was born and educated in US

Ohio Gang

Harry Daughtery, Albert Fall, Will H Hays (Hays Office), Charles Forbes, Jess Smith

Pershing Map

The first blueprint for a national highway system brought to congress 1922, following WWI there was need for effective transportation, after Eisenhower traversed all highways led to desire for improvement, funded by 1921 Federal Highway Act

Petting Parties

Flapper sex party to experiment with relationships

Picture palace

Make theaters look nice to make "experience more than just movie" starting with the Majestic in Houston 1922 by Australian-American John Eberson, Tampa Theatre and Palace Theatre in Louisville, Kentucky

Piggly Wiggly

Southern and Midwestern supermarket with C&S Wholesale Grocers - first self service grocery store with checkout stands and shopping carts with HQ in New Hampshire, opened in Memphis, TN

Progressive Movement

Further political and social reform amidst industrialization and large corporations, urbanization, immigration and corruption

Radio Corporation of America

Founded by General Electric as patent trust company, subsidiary is NBC, 1919 to acquire Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America by David Sarnoff, leader in electronics and communication technology including radio receivers and superheterodyne sets

Reader's Digest, DeWitt Wallace and Lila Acheson 1934

Magazine appealing to popular tastes, started with condensed versions of books, grew to international entity and was sold in over 12 different languages, authors had conservative viewpoint

The Rising Tide of Color: The Threat against White World Supremacy, Lothrop Stoddard 1920

Advocated restricting immigration, independence of Asian colonies, eugenicist that wanted to separate the races

Route 66

One of first national highways, Chicago to LA, contentious because excluded Kentucky (original name route 60 which implied Kentucky) so renamed route __, opened 1926, 2448 miles, famous for inclusion in films as representation of the ideals of the open road and freedom to move about country

Sacco-Vanzetti

Italian radicals accused of murders in South Braintree Massachusetts April 15 1920 brought before Webster Thayne, found guilty and sentenced to death 1927, murders of FA Paramenter and Alessandro Berardelli

Saloon

Working class tavern mostly male, provided a meeting place, sometimes food, postal address to the working class and immigrants, use of workers' pay at saloons and inebriation led to increases in crime that prohibitionists targeted

Scofflaw

Person who drinks illegally that now means anyone who flouts a law (mostly traffic laws)

Seattle General Strike 1919

5 days, first solidarity strike in US to be called "general strike," Edgar Lloyd Hampton wrote in Saturday Evening Post condemning as radicals and blaming IWW, was made of AFL and IWW inspired by Russian Revolution

Shuffle Along

First all black Broadway show to play for full price, 1921 written by Eubie Blake, Noble Sissle, FE Miller, Aubrey Lyles, most famous song "I'm Just Wild About Harry"

Soviet Ark

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman + 247 other non-citizens deported because of radical beliefs, ship named Buford, sold to Buster Keaton's silent film "The Navigator" 1924, scrapped 1929

Spindletop 1901

Southern Beaumont TX, struck oil, Gulf Oil and Texaco now Chevron formed to develop production here, eastern Rockefeller monopoly forced to transform, derived from Louann Salt evaporite layer of Jurassic geologic period

Surrealism, Surrealist Manifesto by Andrew Breton 1924

Grew out of Dada movement, inspired by Freud said that movement was uniting of conscious and unconscious world, allow unconscious mind to express itself

Steamboat Willie 1928

Added sound to animation, debut of Mickey and Minnie Mouse, animated by Ub Iwerks, 1929 "Skeleton Dance" added synchronized music, Mickey spoke first words "Hot dogs!" in 1929 "The Karnival Kid"