Studied by 1 personWhat is a fungus?
eukaryotic organism
vital heterotrophs
Why are fungi important?
used in medicines, alcohol
decompose dead organic matter
recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
What are the differences between fungi and plants
Fungi are heterotrophic while plants are autotrophic
Genetic sequence/expression (genotype/phenotype)
Cell structure (plants have chloroplasts while fungi donât)
What are the 5 major phyla of Fungi?
Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota
What are the key characteristics of chytridiomycota/chrytids?
only swimming fungi
are saphrotes (heterotrophs)
be either single or multi-cellular
What are the key characteristics of zygomycota/zygomycetes?
fruit/bread mould
commercially used
are insect parasites
What are the key characteristics of glomeromycota/glomeromycetes?
decomposers
forms symbiotic relationships w/ plant roots
exchanges nutrients between said plants
What are the key characteristics of ascomycota/ascomycetes?
yeast, mould
cause plant diseases
What are the key characteristics of basidiomycota/basidiomycetes?
mostly decomposers
mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket fungi
forms symbiotic relationships w/ plants
What is mycelium?
Itâs a root that collects nutrients from the environment to help fungi reproduce and forms the general body of a fungus
What is hypha?
It is the individual parts that make up the mycelium
What is the chitin?
Itâs the chemical that makes up fungi cell walls
Explain the life cycle of a basidiomycete (mushroom decomposer)
It involves the formation of a fruiting body (e.g. mushroom)Â that produces basidiospores through sexual reproduction
What is a symbiotic relationship?
Itâs a long-term interaction between organisms of two different species
What is a lichen?
Itâs the relationship between fungi and algae/photosynthetic plant: found in harsh environments and monitors environmental health
What is a mychorrhiza relationship?
Itâs relationship between fungi and plant roots: fungi provide nutrients to plants in exchange for vital nutrients between the two, important relationship
What are some examples of diseases caused by fungi?
Ringworm
Candida Albians (yeast infection)
Aspergillus Fumigatus (infection anywhere)
What are plants?
eukaryotic organism
autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Why are plants important?
regulate climate (consume CO2 and produce O2)
maintain soil health
used in medications
What are the 4 major groups of plants?
Bryophytes (moss), Lycophytes (ferns), Gymnosperms (conifers), and Angiosperms (flowering plants)
How did plants evolve from charophytes (green algae)?
Adaptations occurred such as:
cuticle (protects plant, retains water) to prevent drying out
stomata (small pores) for gas exchange
development of vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients
What are the characteristics of bryophytes?
e.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts
seedless plants that reproduce through spores
found in damp habitats
lack of vascular tissue
What are the characteristics of lycophytes and pterophytes?
e.g. ferns, clubmosses, horsetails
seedless plants that reproduce through spores
found in damp habitats
has vascular tissue
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
e.g. conifers (needle trees - spruce, fir, cedar)
flowerless plants that reproduce through seeds
found in dry habitats (forests)
has vascular tissue
What are the characteristics of angiosperms?
e.g. flowers (can be flowered trees - shrub, grass, flower)
reproduce through seeds
found in many many habitats
has vascular tissue
What is the life cycle of plants?
diploid stage = sporophyte, which produces haploid spores through meiosis
haploid stage = gametophyte, which produces haploid gametes through mitosis
What are animals?
most complex organisms
multi-cellular eukaryotes
Why are animals important?
help us understand humans better
provide resources and comfort (pets)
What is believed to be the common ancestor for all animals?
lived approximately 800 million years ago
small, flagellated, unicellular organism
What is bilateral symmetry?
Itâs the symmetry of animals that splits body parts along the midline with mirror images on either side (usually left and right)
What is radial symmetry?
Itâs the symmetry of animals that splits body parts around a central point with multiple planes of symmetry
How can animals be classified?
embryonic development: protostome (mouth first then anus - vertebrate rankings) and deuterostomes (anus then mouth - aquatic creatures)
spinal column: vertebrate (has one) and invertebrate (doesnât have one)
symmetry: bilateral (left and right) and radial (around central point/axis)
What is a protosome?
An organism that develops a mouth first then the anus; every other animal - tiger, dog, rat
What is a deuterosome?
An organism that develops an anus first then the mouth; aquatic creatures - starfish, urchin
What is a vertebrate?
Itâs an animal with a vertebral column/spine
What is an invertebrate?
Itâs an animal without a vertebral column/spine
What are germ layers?
Theyâre layers of cells that become specialized tissues: ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inner)
What does the ectoderm layer do?
outer-layer
gives rise to the skin and nervous system
some can produce shells, scales, feathers, or hair
What does the endoderm layer do?
inner-layer
forms lining of the gut
for some organisms, their respiratory system
What does the mesoderm layer do?
middle-layer
gives rise to the circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and muscular systems
What is a coelom?
Itâs a fluid filled body cavity that:
separates the gut from the body wall
provides space for internal organ growth
grown from the mesoderm layer
What are the simplest invertebrates?
Porifera and cnidaria
What are the key characteristics of porifera?
look like coral
immobile and range in size
hermaphrodites (organisms with both male and female parts) pass through pores in the body wall
What are the key characteristics of cnidaria?
look like jellyfish
no mesoderm
specialized nerve, muscle, digestive, and reproductive tissue
skeletons made of calcium chloride
What are the 6 phyla of invertebrates?
Arthropoda, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, rotifera, platyhelminthes
What are the key characteristics of arthropoda?
creatures with grabby arms - crab, scorpion, spider
segmented bodies with joint appendages
complex sensory system
vital in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
What are the key characteristics of nematoda?
parasitic worms
unsegmented, completely digestive, bodies
parasites
What are the key characteristics of annelida?
regular worms - earthworm
mostly segmented bodies and organs
gas exchange through skin/gill
bristles on the outer bodies for movement
mostly aquatic
What are the key characteristics of mollusa?
snails
three unsegmented sections: foot, mass (body), and mantle
special radula (tongue) for scraping
What are the key characteristics of rotifera?
tiny aquatic âanimalsâ (smaller thna 2mm)
live in fresh water
no respiratory or circulatory system
What are the key characteristics of platy-helminthes?
flat, tiny (1-5mm), unsegmented on worms
digestive cavity with only one opening
no coelom
What are the two subgroups off the Deuterostomes?
Echinoderms and chordates
What are the key characteristics of echinoderms?
subgroup of deuterosomes
no head (eyeless animals - starfish, urchin)
no respiratory, circulatory, or excretoy system
What are the key characteristics of chordates?
subgroup of deuterosomes
includes almost every animal
success from the development of: notochord (enhance mobility), limbs, waterproof amniotic egg, large internal skeleton and vertebrate skeleton
What are the 7 major phyla of vertebrates?
Agnathans (jawless fishes - eels, lamprey)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes - predators: sharks, rays)
Actinopterygii (bony fish - salmon, bass, tuna)
Amphibia (cold-blooded - frog, salamander)
Reptilia (cold - lizard, snake, turtle)
Aves (birds - warm-blooded), M
Mammalia (warm, humans, whales, bats)
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