Unit 3: Chp 3

Kingdoms: Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

What is a *fungus?*

* eukaryotic organism
* vital heterotrophs

Why are *fungi important?*

* used in medicines, alcohol
* decompose dead organic matter
* recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

What are the *differences* between **fungi and** __**plants**__

* Fungi are **heterotrophic** while plants are __**autotrophic**__
* Genetic sequence/expression (genotype/phenotype)
* Cell structure (plants __**have**__ chloroplasts while **fungi don’t**)

What are the *5 major phyla of Fungi*?

Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota 

What are the key characteristics of *chytridiomycota/chrytids?*

* only swimming fungi
* are saphrotes (heterotrophs)
* be either single or multi-cellular

What are the key characteristics of *zygomycota/zygomycetes?*

* fruit/bread mould
* commercially used
* are insect parasites

What are the key characteristics of *glomeromycota/glomeromycetes?*

* decomposers
* forms symbiotic relationships w/ plant roots
* exchanges nutrients between said plants

What are the key characteristics of *ascomycota/ascomycetes?*

* yeast, mould
* cause plant diseases

What are the key characteristics of *basidiomycota/basidiomycetes?*

* mostly decomposers
* mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket fungi
* forms symbiotic relationships w/ plants

What is *mycelium?*

It’s a root that *collects nutrients* from the environment to help fungi reproduce and forms the *general body* of a fungus

What is *hypha?*

It is the individual parts that *make up* the mycelium

What is the *chitin?*

It’s the chemical that makes up fungi cell walls

Explain the life cycle of a *basidiomycete* (mushroom decomposer)

It involves the formation of a fruiting body (e.g. mushroom) that produces basidiospores through sexual reproduction

What is a *symbiotic relationship?*

It’s a long-term interaction between organisms of two different species

What is a *lichen?*

It’s the relationship between **fungi and algae/photosynthetic plant:** found in harsh environments and monitors environmental health

What is a *mychorrhiza relationship?*

It’s relationship between **fungi and plant roots**: fungi provide nutrients to plants in exchange for vital nutrients between the two, important relationship

What are some examples of diseases caused by *fungi?*

* Ringworm


* Candida Albians (yeast infection)
* Aspergillus Fumigatus (infection anywhere)

What are *plants*?

* eukaryotic organism
* autotrophs (photosynthesis)

Why are *plants important?*

* regulate climate (consume CO2 and produce O2)
* maintain soil health
* used in medications

What are the 4 major groups of *plants?*

Bryophytes (moss), Lycophytes (ferns), Gymnosperms (conifers), and Angiosperms (flowering plants)

How did plants evolve from *charophytes (green algae)?*

Adaptations occurred such as:

* __cuticle (protects plant, retains water)__ to prevent drying out
* __stomata (small pores)__ for gas exchange
* development of vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients

What are the characteristics of *bryophytes?*

* e.g. **mosses, liverworts, hornworts**
* seedless plants that reproduce through spores
* found in damp habitats
* lack of vascular tissue

What are the characteristics of *lycophytes and pterophytes?*

* e.g. **ferns, clubmosses, horsetails**
* seedless plants that reproduce through spores
* found in damp habitats
* has vascular tissue

What are the characteristics of *gymnosperms?*

* e.g. **conifers (needle trees - spruce, fir, cedar)**
* flowerless plants that reproduce through seeds
* found in dry habitats (forests)
* has vascular tissue

What are the characteristics of *angiosperms?*

* e.g. **flowers (can be flowered trees - shrub, grass, flower)**
* reproduce through seeds
* found in many many habitats
* has vascular tissue

What is the life cycle of *plants?*

* diploid stage = __**sporophyte**__, which produces haploid __**spores**__ through __**meiosis**__


* haploid stage = **gametophyte**, which produces haploid **gametes** through **mitosis**

What are *animals?*

* most complex organisms
* multi-cellular eukaryotes

Why are *animals important?*

* help us understand humans better
* provide resources and comfort (pets)

What is believed to be the *common ancestor* *for all animals?*

* lived approximately 800 million years ago
* small, flagellated, unicellular organism

What is *bilateral symmetry?*

It’s the symmetry of animals that splits body parts along the midline with mirror images on either side (usually left and right)

What is *radial symmetry?*

It’s the symmetry of animals that splits body parts around a central point with multiple planes of symmetry

How can animals be *classified*?

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* **embryonic development:** protostome (mouth first then anus - vertebrate rankings) and deuterostomes (anus then mouth - aquatic creatures)
* **spinal column:** vertebrate (has one) and invertebrate (doesn’t have one)
* **symmetry**: bilateral (left and right) and radial (around central point/axis)

What is a *protosome*?

An organism that develops a **mouth first** then the **anus**; every other animal - tiger, dog, rat

What is a *deuterosome?*

An organism that develops an **anus first** then the **mouth**; aquatic creatures - starfish, urchin

What is a *vertebrate*?

It’s an animal *with* a vertebral column/spine

What is an *invertebrate?*

It’s an animal *without* a vertebral column/spine

What are *germ layers?*

They’re layers of cells that become specialized tissues: *ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inner)*

What does the *ectoderm layer* do?

* outer-layer
* gives rise to the skin and nervous system
* some can produce shells, scales, feathers, or hair

What does the *endoderm layer* do?

* inner-layer
* forms lining of the gut
* for some organisms, their respiratory system

What does the *mesoderm layer* do?

* middle-layer
* gives rise to the circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and muscular systems

What is a *coelom?*

It’s a fluid filled body cavity that:

* separates the gut from the body wall
* provides space for internal organ growth
* grown from the *mesoderm layer*

What are the *simplest invertebrates?*

Porifera and cnidaria

What are the key characteristics of *porifera?*

* look like coral
* immobile and range in size
* hermaphrodites (organisms with both male and female parts) pass through pores in the body wall

What are the key characteristics of *cnidaria?*

* look like jellyfish
* no mesoderm
* specialized nerve, muscle, digestive, and reproductive tissue
* skeletons made of calcium chloride

What are the *6 phyla of invertebrates*?

Arthropoda, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, rotifera, platyhelminthes 

What are the key characteristics of *arthropoda?*

* creatures with grabby arms - crab, scorpion, spider
* segmented bodies with joint appendages
* complex sensory system
* vital in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

What are the key characteristics of *nematoda?*

* parasitic worms
* unsegmented, completely digestive, bodies
* parasites

What are the key characteristics of *annelida?*

* regular worms - earthworm
* mostly segmented bodies and organs
* gas exchange through skin/gill
* bristles on the outer bodies for movement
* mostly aquatic

What are the key characteristics of *mollusa?*

* snails
* three unsegmented sections: foot, mass (body), and mantle
* special radula (tongue) for scraping

What are the key characteristics of *rotifera?*

* tiny aquatic ‘animals’ (smaller thna 2mm)
* live in fresh water
* no respiratory or circulatory system

What are the key characteristics of *platy-helminthes?*

* flat, tiny (1-5mm), unsegmented on worms
* digestive cavity with only one opening
* no coelom

What are the two *subgroups* off the *Deuterostomes?*

Echinoderms and chordates

What are the key characteristics of *echinoderms?*

* subgroup of deuterosomes
* no head (eyeless animals - starfish, urchin)
* no respiratory, circulatory, or excretoy system

What are the key characteristics of *chordates?*

* subgroup of deuterosomes
* includes almost every animal
* success from the **development of**: notochord (enhance mobility), limbs, waterproof amniotic egg, large internal skeleton and vertebrate skeleton

What are the *7 major phyla of vertebrates*?

* **Agnathans** (jawless fishes - eels, lamprey)


* **Chondrichthyes** (cartilaginous fishes - predators: sharks, rays)
* **Actinopterygii** (bony fish - salmon, bass, tuna)
* **Amphibia** (cold-blooded - frog, salamander)
* **Reptilia** (cold - lizard, snake, turtle)
* **Aves** (birds - warm-blooded), M
* **Mammalia** (warm, humans, whales, bats)