Unit 4 terms

Abolitionists(1830s–1860s)

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Gave the U.S. Florida. Expanded U.S. territory and strengthened control of the Southeast.

Alamo (1836)

Texas Revolution battle where Texans were defeated. Became a rallying symbol for Texan independence.

American System  (1815)

Clay’s plan for tariffs, a bank, and internal improvements. Promoted economic nationalism and internal development.

Amistad Mutiny (1839)

Enslaved Africans revolted aboard a ship. Supreme Court ruling in their favor energized abolitionists.

Barbary States (1801–1805; 1815)

North African states demanding tribute. Early test of U.S. naval power under Jefferson.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Jackson’s victory after the war ended. Boosted nationalism and Jackson’s popularity.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Court said Cherokee weren’t a foreign nation. Limited their legal protection and enabled removal policies.

“Corrupt Bargain” (1824)

Jacksonians accused Adams and Clay of a rigged election. Split the Democratic-Republicans and helped form new parties.

Cotton Gin  (1793)

Machine that sped cotton processing. Caused massive expansion of slavery.

Cult of Domesticity (1820s–1860s)

Belief women belonged in the home as moral guardians. Shaped 19th-century gender roles.

Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Women’s rights document from Seneca Falls. Launched the organized women’s rights movement.

Democratic Party (1828)

Party formed around Jackson. Became a major force for expansion and states’ rights.

Embargo Act (1807)

Banned U.S. trade with all nations. Damaged U.S. economy and angered merchants.

Erie Canal (1825)

Connected Great Lakes with NYC. Boosted commerce and made NYC an economic powerhouse.

Free-Soil Party (1848)

Opposed spread of slavery into the West. Laid groundwork for the Republican Party.

Force Bill (1833)

Let Jackson use military force against South Carolina. Asserted federal supremacy during Nullification Crisis.

Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

Successful slave revolt against France. Inspired enslaved people and frightened U.S. slaveholders.

Hartford Convention (1814–1815)

Federalists protested the War of 1812. Contributed to the Federalist Party’s collapse.

Hudson River School (1825–1870)

Landscape painters celebrating nature. Promoted American nationalism through art.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Allowed forced Native relocation. Direct cause of the Trail of Tears.

Judicial Review (1803)

Court’s power to strike down unconstitutional laws. Made the Supreme Court an equal branch of government.

The Liberator (founded 1831)

Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper. Radicalized and energized the antislavery movement.

Liberty Party (1840)

Political party devoted to ending slavery. Brought abolitionism into national politics.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. bought vast land from France. Doubled the U.S. and enabled westward expansion.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Case establishing judicial review. Greatly strengthened federal judicial power.

Market Revolution (1815–1840s)

Shift to industrial and commercial economy. Transformed labor, gender roles, and U.S. society.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Upheld national bank’s constitutionality. Affirmed federal supremacy over the states.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri slave, Maine free; 36°30’ line. Temporarily eased sectional conflict over slavery.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe not to colonize the Americas. Asserted U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

Mutual-aid Societies (1790s–1850s)

Community support groups, often among free Blacks. Provided essential social and economic support.

National Republican Party (1824–1834)

Anti-Jackson, pro–American System party. Precursor to the Whigs.

National Road (begun 1811)

First major federally funded highway. Encouraged migration and economic development.

Nativist (1830s–1850s)

Anti-immigrant political movement. Increased tensions during mass immigration waves.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Reopened trade except with Britain and France. Tried (and failed) to repair the Embargo Act’s damage.

The North Star (1847)

Douglass’s antislavery newspaper. Influential voice for abolition and Black rights.

Nullification (1832–1833)

Theory that states can ignore federal laws. Sparked the Nullification Crisis and tested federal authority.

Panic of 1819 

First major U.S. economic depression. Led many Americans to distrust banks and federal power.

Panic of 1837

Severe economic downturn under Van Buren. Result of Jackson’s bank policies and speculation collapse.

Romantic Era (1820s–1860s)

Movement valuing emotion and nature. Influenced American literature, art, and reform.

Second Bank of the U.S. (1816–1836)

National bank chartered in 1816. Jackson’s attack on it destabilized the economy.

Second Great Awakening (1790s–1840s)

Religious revival emphasizing personal salvation. Fueled major reform movements like abolition and temperance.

Seminole Wars (1817–1858)

Conflicts over U.S. attempts to remove Seminoles. Showed strong Native resistance to removal.

Spoils System (1829)

Jackson’s system of appointing supporters to office. Expanded presidential power and political patronage.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

1828 protective tariff hated by the South. Triggered the Nullification Crisis.

Tejano (1820s–1830s)

Mexican residents of Texas. Important allies to Anglo settlers in Texas independence.

Temperance (1820s–1850s)

Movement to reduce alcohol use. Became one of the largest reform efforts of the era.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced Cherokee relocation to Oklahoma. Symbol of the brutality of Indian Removal policies.

Transcendentalism (1830s–1850s)

Movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and intuition. Inspired reform and challenged materialism.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812. Boosted national confidence and ended fighting with Britain.

Utopian Society (1820s–1850s)

Experimental communities promoting ideal living. Reflected reform spirit and desire to reshape society.

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

War with Britain over impressment and trade. Increased nationalism and confirmed U.S. independence.

Whig Party (1834)

Anti-Jackson party supporting federal power and modernization. Major political force until the 1850s.

Yeoman Farmer (early 1800s)

Independent small landowner. Symbol of Jefferson’s ideal democratic citizen.