unit 6: GMOs and selective breeding

ways of creating a GMO

-add a foregin/novel gene

= inserted from another species (cut out)

→express the traits coded by the new gene

= TRANSGENIC

e.x spiders silk inserted intogotta → strong silk protein in milk

-alter an existing gene

→express at a higher level

e.x growth hormone

→ or in diff way

e.x not normally expressed trait

USE FOR GENE THEARPY

-deleting/turning off

→ prevent expression

= deactivate ripening gene in tomatoes

ADD, ALTER, ARDICATE

how GMO’s are used

-extending shelf life

=extended keeing quality

e.x tomatoes → ripening gene turned off

-pests or herbicide

=insecticide, pest resistance, herbicide reistance

→ chemical weed killers can be used w/o crop damage

-crop improvement

-enginerred to produce higher proteins levels / inhospitable conditions

-envriomental cleanup

=thrive on waste products (spef. bacteria)

e.x liquefied newspaper, pulp, oil,

-biofactories

= transgenic bacteria → desirable products like hormones or proteins

-vaccines

-livestock

SPICE.BVB

Smart People Innovate Clean, Effective Vaccines, bio factories, Biotech

Shelf life

pestcide

lifestock

crop

envrioment

vacccines

biofactories

biotech

restriction enzymes

-cut DNA molecules preciseful in 4, 8 (so one seto of 4 then another set of 4) seqences

( recognition sites )

→ allow DNA to be cut in controlled way

-sites of fragments of DNA → sticky ends /blunt ends sometimes → joined/fixed by ligase

-sticky ends = exposed nucleotide bases aka overhanging (basically cutting x straight down middle kind of slanted)

- base x complementary opposite

→ kind of shifts weird so some can match to pairs that would match

e.x aattc if the first sequence of the now cut piece is g, would start at the last pair/c → would be offcenter

-blunt ends

-straight cut, ends w/o exposed nucleotide base

→ other half's thrown aside, only center connected piece is left

how bacteria modified 2 produce insulin/ basic steps

-inside plasmid

= bacterial cell and dna

→ protein enzyme cuts up bacterial cell

-then outside of plasmid

= chromosone → cut by same protein enzyme from human

-insulin gene

→ inserted into plasmid

= sealed w/ another enzyme (ligase)

→ plasmid put back into bacterial cell

→ offsprings can produce insulin and it itself can

pros of gmos

-used to deliver vaccines easier and cheaper

-cure genetic dieases

e.x cystic fibrosis and Huntington diease

-gm crops = resistant to dieases and insect attacks

→ more steady food supply

-herbicide resistant

-larger and better quality

V:ery

RAD

cons of gmos

-desginer babies

-bad for healthy = haven't been eating long term so we dont know side effects

-x interventing w nature = unethnical

-could spead into wild

→ ecological imbalances

-allergic reactions

LAW

D:iaster

what is selective breeding?

-humans breed plants/animals for

PARTICULAR GENETIC CHARACTERITISTS

= over generations

= for desirable traits

→ e.x high milk production in diary cows

breeding only two things w/desired traits

→ x result in 100% desired offspring but continued over generations 4 result

cons of selective breeding

-inbreeding

= more closely related

→ reduces gene pool

→ host of problems

-genetic dieases risk ^

e.x pugs w/respiartory problems due 2 flat face

examples of selective breeding

-cattle

= bred for high meat and milk production

= bred 2 grow quickly

-plants

=large beautiful flowers

-crops

=resistatance

-dogs

= gentle and friendly nature towards humans

apples/artic apples

-turn off interfering rna

→ prevents off gene

→ x brushing and browning

= more appealing

-drought tolerant

-larger shelf life

-^ economic value

-resistance to insects

= insecdtide

-resistance to harsh climate

-possible allergies

-pesticide not sustainable

-biodiversty risk

potatos

-translation prohibited

→ x brushing and browning

-^ nutrtion

-less pesticide use

• more yields

-allergies

-depdent on big companies

canola

-inserted glyphosate/roundup into rapeseed (untouched canola)

→ -herbicide tolerant

=easier and effective weed control

-for oil production

-herb resistance

-big companies patents

= bad for big bussiness

-superweeds

mosqutios and malaria

-injected mosquito w/lethal gene

→ -prevents female from reaching adulthoodd/reproducing

→x reproduce

-decrease dieases spreading

-ecosystem imbalance

sugar beets

-red gene

= altered w/protein synthesis

→ turn into glyphoaste

-add soil bacterium

-manage invasive insects

-less soil erosion

-oxalate → arthesiis

= removes calcium

golden rice

insert phytoene syntase

(from daffoldi)

insert crtl gene

-> β-carotene = viatmin a

-obtain vitamin a

-allergic reactions

glow fish

-adds fluorescent proteins into dna

→ glow!

-can detect proteins

-help lab research

-easy to see

-not globally available (resitrctions

-unfaira adv/disvtange against other species

pink pineapple

-pigment added

→ lessen yellow pigment

→ pink enzymes more emphasized

-sweeter

-good for economy = consumeer

-x globally avablie

e.x bannied in hawaii

squash

-genes from viruses - wmvz and zymv

= regulated by agrobacterium protein

-resistance

-less crop losse

-less pesticide need

-super weeds

-allergies

corn

-gene bacterium copied and put into dna

→ dna extenened w/ enzymes

→ gene copies

-bigger

-more yields

-insects eventual restistance

-can dismantle into otherr corn types