Untitled Flashcards Set

General functions of the nervous system

The nervous system coordinates and regulates bodily functions including sensory input, motor output, and homeostasis.

Functional division of the nervous system

Divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), each serving different roles in processing and transmitting information.

Structural classification of neurons

Neurons are classified into three types: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons, based on their function in the nervous system.

Myelination in the CNS vs PNS

In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes; in the PNS, it is produced by Schwann cells, affecting the speed of action potentials.

Purpose of transmembrane potentials

Transmembrane potentials facilitate the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons.

Absolute refractory period

A period following an action potential during which another action potential cannot be initiated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Chemical synapses

Synapses where neurotransmitters are used to transmit signals between neurons, allowing for both excitatory and inhibitory effects.

Graded potentials vs All-or-none action potentials

Graded potentials vary in magnitude and can summate, while action potentials are all-or-nothing responses.

White matter

Contains myelinated axons and is responsible for communication between different brain regions.

Gray matter

Contains neuronal cell bodies and is involved in processing and integrating information.

Cerebral lateralization

The functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, influencing cognitive functions such as language and spatial abilities.

Physiology of memory

Memory formation involves changes in synaptic strength, involving processes like consolidation and retrieval.

Purpose of reflexes

To quickly respond to stimuli for protection and survival without requiring conscious thought.

Sympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

Second messenger systems

Molecular mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects on cells, involving pathways such as cAMP, phospholipase C-Ca2+, and tyrosine kinase.

Sensory adaptation

The decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time, allowing the nervous system to focus on changes in the environment.