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17 Terms
1
General functions of the nervous system
The nervous system coordinates and regulates bodily functions including sensory input, motor output, and homeostasis.
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2
Functional division of the nervous system
Divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), each serving different roles in processing and transmitting information.
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3
Structural classification of neurons
Neurons are classified into three types: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons, based on their function in the nervous system.
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4
Myelination in the CNS vs PNS
In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes; in the PNS, it is produced by Schwann cells, affecting the speed of action potentials.
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5
Purpose of transmembrane potentials
Transmembrane potentials facilitate the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons.
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6
Absolute refractory period
A period following an action potential during which another action potential cannot be initiated, regardless of stimulus strength.
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7
Chemical synapses
Synapses where neurotransmitters are used to transmit signals between neurons, allowing for both excitatory and inhibitory effects.
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8
Graded potentials vs All-or-none action potentials
Graded potentials vary in magnitude and can summate, while action potentials are all-or-nothing responses.
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9
White matter
Contains myelinated axons and is responsible for communication between different brain regions.
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10
Gray matter
Contains neuronal cell bodies and is involved in processing and integrating information.
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11
Cerebral lateralization
The functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, influencing cognitive functions such as language and spatial abilities.
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12
Physiology of memory
Memory formation involves changes in synaptic strength, involving processes like consolidation and retrieval.
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13
Purpose of reflexes
To quickly respond to stimuli for protection and survival without requiring conscious thought.
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14
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
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15
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest' functions.
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16
Second messenger systems
Molecular mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects on cells, involving pathways such as cAMP, phospholipase C-Ca2+, and tyrosine kinase.
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17
Sensory adaptation
The decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time, allowing the nervous system to focus on changes in the environment.
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