apush unit 6-7

Pacific Railway Act

Authorized the first transcontinental railroad.

Homestead Act of 1862

Provided 160 acres of land to white settlers.

Turner Frontier Thesis

Frederick Turner’s thesis stated the frontier was a crucial factor in shaping US character.

Indian Wars

US-led conflicts against Native Americans over land and resources.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Also known as Custer's Last Stand, was a significant battle in 1876.

Sand Creek Massacre

In 1864, the US destroyed a village in Colorado, killing 230 people.

Wounded Knee Massacre

In 1890, the US killed 300 Native Americans, effectively finalizing the Indian Wars.

Red Cloud

A Native American leader who led a major conflict against the U.S. military.

Sitting Bull

Known for his resistance to life on reservations.

Sioux Wars

A series of conflicts between the US government and various subgroups of the Sioux people.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Banned Chinese immigration, the first law to restrict immigration based on nationality.

Dawes Act of 1887

Divided Native American lands into plots to assimilate indigenous peoples.

George Washington Carver

Promoted diversification in agriculture, specifically peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case ruling 'separate but equal' upheld segregation.

Jim Crow laws

Laws that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement of Black Americans.

Ida B. Wells

Teacher and journalist who exposed racism and spoke out against lynching.

Booker T. Washington

Established a Black industrial/agricultural school in Tuskegee, promoted hard work.

Atlanta Compromise

Advocated for accepting segregation in exchange for education and economic opportunities.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Sociologist and historian, the first Black American to earn a doctorate from Harvard.

NAACP

Formed in 1909, demanded an immediate end to segregation.

National Woman Suffrage Association

Organization that worked to secure women's suffrage.

Reservations

Forced areas where Indigenous nations were relocated, often with the aim of assimilation.

Comstock Lode

The biggest mining discovery in the United States.

Social Darwinism

The belief in natural selection applied to society.

Gospel of Wealth

The belief that hard work leads to wealth.

Horatio Alger Myth

The idea that anyone can become successful through hard work and honesty.

Laissez-faire

The economic principle advocating minimal government intervention.

Populism

Political stance emphasizing the common people against perceived elites.

People’s Party

An agrarian populist political party.

New Imperialism

The expansionist period from the 1870s to 1914.

Spanish-American War

War in 1898 driven by US interest in Cuba.

De Lome Letter

Letter from the Spanish Ambassador insulting the US President.

USS Maine

US battleship that exploded in Havana in 1898, leading to war with Spain.

Teller Amendment

Ensured the US could not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Jingoism

Nationalism that calls for aggressive foreign policy.

Yellow journalism

Sensationalized journalism aimed at influencing public opinion.

Philippine-American War

Conflict from 1899 to 1902 where Philippines resisted US occupation.

Hawaii

Annexed by the US in 1898.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, suppressed by international forces.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the US will intervene in Latin America.

Anti-child labor laws

Laws passed by states by 1907 to protect children from labor exploitation.

Muckrakers

Journalists who expose corruption and social injustices.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A factory fire in 1911 that led to major labor reforms.

Ludlow Massacre

The National Guard attacked striking coal miners in Colorado in 1914.

Social welfare

Initiatives for better schools, fair laws, and safety regulations.

19th Amendment

Prohibits denying the right to vote based on sex.

German unrestricted submarine warfare

Sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 sparked US involvement in WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance.

Espionage Act of 1917

Criminalized disloyal activities during WWI.

Sedition Act of 1918

Limited anti-war speech and led to imprisonment of dissenters.

Schenck v. US

Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act in 1919.

Emma Goldman

Anarchist arrested for speaking out against the government.

Harlem Hellfighters

Black regiment that fought bravely in WWI.

1918 Pandemic (Spanish flu)

Killed approximately 675,000 Americans and impacted the global economy.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after WWI, which the US did not join.

Red Summer

A period of violent racial riots in the US in 1919.

Tulsa Massacre

An attack by white mobs on Black Wall Street.

First Red Scare

A widespread fear of leftism and communism in the US.

Quota Laws (1921 & 1924)

Established limits on the number of immigrants allowed in the US.

Scopes Trial

A trial in 1925 that challenged the prohibition of teaching evolution.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists executed for murder in 1927.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural revival of African American art and literature.

Langston Hughes

A prominent poet and social activist during the Harlem Renaissance.

Nella Larsen

A novelist associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican pan-Africanist known for advocating Black pride.

Jazz Age

A cultural period marked by jazz music and a rebellion against tradition.

18th Amendment

Implemented Prohibition in the United States.

Great Depression Causes

Factors including the stock market crash, wealth gap, and overproduction.

Great Depression Effects

GDP dropped by 50%, banks failed, and unemployment soared.

Scottsboro Case

A 1931 case involving nine Black teenagers wrongly convicted.

Election of 1932

FDR won the presidency during the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act

Regulated banks to limit investment of customers' deposits.

Security and Exchange Commission

Government agency that regulates the stock market.

Revenue Act

Increased taxes on the wealthy during the Great Depression.

Social Security Act

Established unemployment insurance and pensions.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Provided money for infrastructure projects.

Federal Housing Administration

Boosted housing construction through loans.

Homeowners Loan Corporation

Refinanced homes to prevent foreclosures.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Developed dams and electric power in the Tennessee Valley.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Employed young men on public works projects.

Workers Progress Administration

Employed over 3.4 million people during the Great Depression.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Reversed the Dawes Act and aimed to restore tribal rights.

Huey Long

Louisiana governor who promoted the Share Our Wealth program.

Mexican Repatriation

Government plan that deported many Mexican Americans during the 1930s.

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed in the 1930s to prevent US involvement in foreign wars.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A study that observed untreated syphilis in Black men from 1932 to 1971.

Cash and Carry

Policy allowing countries to buy arms from the US if they paid cash.

Selective Service Act of 1940

Drafted over 1.2 million troops for service.

Destroyers for Bases (1940)

A deal to provide Britain with US destroyers in exchange for bases.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Provided extensive aid to Allies during WWII.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japan attacked U.S. naval bases, leading to U.S. entry into World War II.

Battle of Midway (1942)

A significant U.S. victory over Japan, marking a turning point in the Pacific War.

D-Day (1944)

The Allied invasion of Normandy to liberate Nazi-occupied France.

Tuskegee Airmen

A group of Black pilots who fought bravely in WWII despite facing discrimination.

Tehran Conference (1943)

Meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin where they agreed to prioritize defeating Germany.

Hiroshima

The first city targeted by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, resulting in massive destruction and loss of life.

Nagasaki

The second city bombed with an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945, contributing to Japan's surrender.

Okinawa (1945)

A brutal battle resulting in over 110,000 Japanese casualties, significantly impacting the local population.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Meeting of the 'Big Three' where they agreed on post-war arrangements, including dividing Germany.

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Allies demanded Japan's unconditional surrender and planned for war crime trials.