apush unit 6-7
Pacific Railway Act (1862): authorized the first transcontinental railroad
Homestead Act of 1862: provided 160 acres to whites
Turner Frontier Thesis: Fredrick Turner’s thesis stated the frontier was a crucial factor in US character
Indian Wars: US-led conflicts against natives over land and resources,
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): (custards last stand)
Sand Creek, CO (1864): The US destroyed a village killing 230
Wounded Knee (1890) the US killed 300 finalized the Indian wars
Red Cloud: native leading a major conflict against the U.S. military
Sitting Bull: recognized for his resistance to reservation life
Sioux Wars: a series of conflicts between the United States government and various subgroups of the Sioux people
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Chinese workers were scapegoats, banned Chinese people were from immigration, The First law restricting immigration
Dawes Act (1887): The US divided native lands into plots to assimilate, Those who were accepted were granted citizenship, and Disease famine, and poverty reduced populations.
George Washington Carver diversified agriculture (peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans)
Plessy V. Ferguson (1896): SCOTUS ruled “separate but equal” (Ruled it did not violate the 14 Amendment) Upheld segregation
Jim Crow laws: Literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses disenfranchised Americans, Black Americans were barred from jury duty, faced harsher sentences, and faced lynching
Ida B. Wells: teacher/journalist who exposed racism,spoke out on lynching
Booker T. Washington: Established a Black industrial/agricultural school in Tuskegee, Praised hard work and economic self-help to accommodate segregation,
Atlanta Compromise: Advocated accepting segregation in exchange for economic opportunities and education
W.E.B Du Bois: Sociologist & historian, First Black American to earn a doctorate (Harvard)
NAACP: in 1909 demanded an immediate end to segregation
National Woman Suffrage Association: A women's rights organization that worked to secure women's suffrage
Reservations: The US forced Indigenous Nations into reservations. Imposed assimilation and opened boarding schools to erase culture
Comstock Lode: biggest mining discovery
Social Darwinism: Belief in natural selection
Gospel of Wealth: that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth
Horatio Alger Myth: the idea that anyone can become wealthy and successful through hard work, honesty, and self-improvement
Laissez-faire: the less the government is involved in the economy, the better off business, and society as a whole, will be
Populism: a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of the common 'people' and often position this group in opposition to a perceived 'elite'.
People’s Party: an agrarian populist political party
“New Imperialism”: The expansionist period from the 1870s-1914 (included newcomers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the US)
Spanish-American War (1898): US interest in Cuba grew due to sugar, In 1895: Cubans revolted against Spain.
De Lome Letter: The Spanish Ambassador wrote a letter insulting the President
USS Maine Sank (1898): USS Maine exploded near Havana, The US declared war against Spain
Teller Amendment (1898): ensured the US could not annex Cuba
Jingoism: Nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy
Yellow journalism: sensationalized journalism
The US acquired Spanish colonies: Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Philippine - American War (1899-1902): Philippines resisted US occupation, This resulted in 200k+ civilian deaths and concentration camps
Hawaii: Annexed in 1898
Boxer Rebellion: US helped crush a Chinese rebellion (1899-1901)
Roosevelt Corollary (1904): The US will intervene between Europe and Latin America (added to the Monroe Doctrine
Anti-child labor laws: Passed by most states by 1907
NAACP (1908): founded by Du Bois and other progressives
Muckrakers (journalist): highlighted corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, Sought to regulate the economy, expand suffrage (voting), and generate moral reform
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911): Sparked activism and motivated states to improve safety
Ludlow Massacre (1914): The National Guard attacked striking coal miners in Colorado
Social welfare: better schools, fair divorce laws, juvenile jails, rehabilitative prisons, safety regulations, and abolishing the death penalty
19th Amendment: prohibits denying the right to vote based on sex
German unrestricted submarine warfare (us involv): Lustania sunk in 1915 (killed 100+ Americans),
Zimmermann Telegram (1917) (us involv): Britain intercepted a German telegram telling Mexico to attack the US (Germany will return the land to Mexico),
US Banks (us involv): loaned 3bil to the Allies,
Russian Revolution (1917)(us involv): Russias exited; Soviet Communism emerged (Us wanted to increase its presence in Europe)
Espionage Act (1917): criminalized disloyal activities
Sedition Act (1918): limited anti-war speech (imprisoned antiwar activists, socialists, and pacifists)
Schenck v. US: SCOTUS upheld the Espionage Act
Emma Goldman: Russian-born anarchist, arrested for speaking out against the U.S. government, military, or flag
Harlem Hellfighters (men of bronze): Black regiment who spent more time in the trenches and suffered more losses than any US unit. First to enter Germany
1918 Pandemic (Spanish flu): Killed ~675k Americans (50 million people worldwide), Impacted the global economy
League of Nations: formed by Woodrow Wilson, the US did not join
Red Summer (1919): racist massacres plagued the US
Tulsa Massacre: white mobs attacked black wall street
First Red Scare: a period marked by a widespread fear of leftism
Quota Laws (1921 & 1924): established limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the United States
The Scopes Trial (1925): prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Two Italian anarchists were convicted of murder and executed in 1927
Harlem Renaissance: renowned for cultural revival, 20% of black Americans lived in the north
Langston Hughes: harlem poet and social activist who wrote the experiences of African Americans
Nella Larsen: harlem novelist, the Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey: Jamaican pan- Africanist who advocated black pride and a back to Africa movement
Jazz Age: Started in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music; diffused to the North, Symbolized rebellion and modern
18th Amendment: Prohibition law, passed to conserve grain, maintain sober workers, and appease fundamentalists, Many defied the law; which led to a rise in crime
Great Depression Causes: The stock market crash of 1929, Wealth gap, Credit, Overproduction, Weak farm economy/drought, Deregulation, global economic Problems
Great Depression Effects: GDP dropped from 50% from 1929 to 1932, 20% of banks closed, 1933: unemployment reached 25%; disproportionately impacting minorities and the poor
Scottsboro Case (1931): 9 Black Kids (ages 12-19) were found guilty of rape in AL and sentenced to death
Election of 1932: FDR won
Glass-Steagall: regulated banks (limited investment in customers' money
Security and Exchange Commission: regulated the stock market
Revenue Act: increased taxes on the wealthy
Social Security Act: established unemployment insurance, pensions, and disability benefits.
Public works admin (PWA): allotted money for infrastructure
Federal housing admin: boosted construction by providing homeowner loans (to build new houses/repair old ones)
Homeowners Loan Corp: provided home refinancing to prevent foreclosures - redlining (increased ghettoization)
Tennessee Valley Authority: Built dams/electric power plants
Civilian Conservation Corp: employed men on federal projects
Workers progress admin: employed 3.4mil+ people
Indian Reorganization Act (1934): reversed the goal of assimilation (replaced the Dawes Act)
Huey Long: LA governor who started a Share Our Wealth program and built 14k mile roads
Mexican Repatriation (the early 1930s): Government plan that forced The deportation of Mexican Americans and Mexicans, 2mil+ deportations
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936 & 1937): Banned weapon shipment and forbade traveling on foreign
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1971): 400 black men were studied for untreated syphilis (none were treated)
Cash and Carry (1939): Countries could buy arms if they used its ships and paid cash
Selective Service Act: (1940) 1.2 mil+ troops drafted
Destroyers for Bases (1940): Traded 50 destroyers to for Britain's land
Lend-Lease (1941): provided aid to allies (50bil+) & protected British ships