organ systems

Digestive system

Prepares foods for use by the body.

Digestion

Happens in the small intestine, the longest part of the GI tract.

Pancreas/Gall bladder

Secrete digestive enzymes to aid in digestion.

Large intestine

Water is absorbed here, waste matter stored then defecated.

Cardiovascular system

A system of tubes that comprises the circulatory system.

Heart

Component of the cardiovascular system.

Blood vessels

Component of the cardiovascular system.

Blood

Component of the cardiovascular system.

Function of the circulatory system

To transport substances — oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

Cardiac Cycle

Blood gets pumped all around your body, picks up oxygen in your lungs, and delivers oxygen to all parts of your body.

Pulmonary Circulation

The flow of blood to and from the lungs.

Systemic Circulation

The flow of blood to and from the rest of the body.

Capillaries

The only blood vessels across which diffusion occurs, with extremely thin walls allowing substances to get into or out of the blood.

Blood Composition

Blood is made up of blood cells and a watery portion called plasma, with 55% of blood being plasma and 45% composed of cells.

Lungs Surface Area

The surface area of lungs is 30-75m^2, arising from tiny air pockets called alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny air pockets in the lungs composed of thin cells, about 90% covered with blood vessels, where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the body.

Airways

A series of tubes that move air from the nose and mouth to the lungs and back again.

Inhalation

The process where the diaphragm moves down and the ribs move outward, increasing the volume in the chest cavity.

Exhalation

The process where muscles relax and the lungs recoil to starting position, decreasing volume and increasing pressure.

Hypothalamus

The neural control center of the endocrine system.

Major Glands of the Endocrine System

Includes the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, hypothalamus, and parathyroid gland.

Axial Skeleton

The inside skeleton composed of the vertebral column, rib cage, and skull.

Appendicular Skeleton

The outside skeleton composed of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of upper and lower limbs.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Includes gravitational support, levers for movement, structural protection of soft tissues, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and hormone regulation contribution.

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Muscles composed of multiple bundles of cells joined together, primarily made of actin and myosin filaments.

Central Nervous System

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, acting as the body's central processing center.

Peripheral Nervous System

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, acting as a communication network between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Primary Role of the Urinary System

Eliminating wastes from the blood and regulating body water levels.

Functions of the Urinary System

Includes elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and control of electrolyte and metabolite levels.

Primary Role of the Reproductive System

Producing and releasing sex cells, releasing fluids, hormones, and pheromones, and providing for fertilization and embryo development.

Tetrapod Limb

Provides locomotion with architectural symmetry in all four limbs.