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Demography
Study of human populations
Fertility Rate
Births per 1,000 Women (15-44)
Total Fertility Rate
Children a hypothetical women would have if she lived to 44
Replacement Level
The amount of fertility needed to keep the population the same from generation to generation
Replacement Rate
The number of births necessary to replace the loss of those who died during the year
Immigration Rate
People per 1,000 immigrating (coming into) a country
Emigration Rate
People per 1,000 emigrating (leaving) a country
Net Migration
The difference between immigration into and emigration out of a country
Mortality Rate
Deaths per 1,000
Internal migration
Migration within a country
Growth Rate
birth rate + death rate + migration
Constrictive Population Pyramid
Shows less young people and older people living longer, indicative of a rich country
Expansive Population Pyramid
Shows more young people and older people living shorter lives, indicative of a poor country
Cohorts
A group sharing a defining characteristic
Why research generational cohorts?
Looking at people by their place in life and by membership in a cohort born at the same time. Observes change over time, understanding how experiences impact/differences in attitudes
What are markers of the transition to adulthood?
Finishing school
Leaving home
Full time work
Conjugal union
Children
Why is the pace of transition to adulthood slower each decade?
Women postponing childbearing to focus on careers
Housing crisis/rising cost of living
Less social pressure/desire to have a family/
Emphasis on education (staying in school longer)/career growth
Access to birth control/contraceptives
The Impact of Baby Boomers
Adapting institutions to account for the size of the generation (schools, housing etc)
Big voting block
New, bigger target audience for products/media
Effects on workforce/needed social institutions
Social change: women’s/gay/civil rights
Dr. Spock
Behaviourist who published a parenting book valuing permissiveness, urging parents to respect their children and allow them to grow at their own pace. Critics say he created an egotistical and disrespectful generation.
How do demographics shape trends and patterns?
More diversity
Women in the workforce
Voting habits
Evolution of family
Class divides
Lack of religion
Aging population
More education
What is adolescence?
The transitional period between childhood and adulthood, from the onset of puberty to 18/24.
What was Stanley Hall’s theory on adolescence?
Studied emotional development among teenagers
Stated adolescent youth exhibit contradictory tendencies
These divergences contributed to a period of “storm and stress” that marks adolescence
Extreme swings of behaviour help determine personality and the ability to sort them out leads to stability of character/maturity
What was Margaret Mead’s theory on adolescence?
Studied adolescent girls in Samoa (participant observation)
Argued cultural factors, rather than biological ones caused emotional and psychological stress of adolescence
What defines Millennials?
1981-1996
9/11
Wars in the Middle East
Obama’s 2008 election
Diversity
Recession
Internet
What defines Gen X?
1965-1980
“computer revolution”
What defines Gen Z
1997 - 2012
Internet/social media shifting behaviour/lifestyle
Diversity - most diverse in U.S so far
What is Canada’s dependency load?
52.1% - the number of dependants in relation to the total working population
What are the implications of Canada’s low fertility rate?
The population is decreasing. This is because of less importance placed on marriage, less desire for children, housing crisis/cost of living, staying in school longer, contraceptives/birth control/abortion etc. It indicates that Canada is a rich country.
Why is immigration important in Canada?
Diversity
Filling gaps in labour force
Paying taxes/spending money
Contributing to economy and social services (health care)
Is gentle parenting helpful or harmful to society?
What is the slow start for Millennials and its impact?
Life choices/earnings/entrance to adulthood was shaped by the recession, slowing the start to adulthood
This created a lack of economic stability/homeownership, debt
Technological Determinism
Vebeln
The invention of a tool taking on a life of its own after its release, with the society reacting and adapting.
What is technological lag?
Technology introduces change that temporarily destabilizes society and a period of transition occurs until society adapts
What is Anomie?
Loss of direction felt in society when the social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective. Norms are weak, conflicting or absent (Durkheim)
What is the Strain Theory?
Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving them (Merton)
Strain Typology includes Conformists, Ritualists, Innovators, Retreatists and Rebels
Conformists
Strain Theory Typology: Accept the cultural goals of their society and the means by which to attain them
Ritualists
Strain Theory Typology: Accept the means or standards necessary to attain the end goals, but may not accept the cultural goal. They will work to provide for a certain lifestyle, but won’t strive to be industry leaders.
Innovators
Strain Theory Typology: Goals are in line with those of society, but will not accomplish them through acceptable/traditional means
Retreatists
Strain Theory Typology: Chose to disengage from mainstream culture altogether
Rebels
Strain Theory Typology: Openly reject cultural goals of society and the means by which to attain them. They attempt to change the society in which they live and their rebellions may be violent.
Control Theory
Hirschi
Conformity to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society.
If bonds are weak/broken, deviance occurs
Social bonds control the behaviour of people
Differential Association Theory
Sutherland
People learn the necessary techniques, motives, rationalizations and attitudes of deviant behaviour from people with whom they associate
People have a greater tendency to deviate when associated with those who favour deviance
Labeling Theory and Primary and Secondary Deviance
Becker
Deviants are people who have been successfully labeled as such by others
Lemert
Primary Deviance: norm or rule breaking behaviour one engages in
Secondary Deviance: a reaction to having been labeled as deviant, with life and identity organized around deviance
Conflict Theory of Deviance
The criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the upper class
System defines deviance differently based on class: activities of lower class are more likely to be labeled criminal/deviant
What is Ogburn’s stages of cultural lag?
Invention: material or social
Discovery: a new way of viewing reality
Diffusion: spread/acceptance
What are McLuhan’s Four Laws of Media
any major medium enhances/accelerates a process/thing (ex money enhances trade)
new medium tends to render obsolete another thing (ex money made barter obsolete)
major medium retrieves some process/thing that had been previously obsolete (ex money retrieved conspicuous consumption)
major medium, when pushed to extreme, flips into something new (ex money to credit cards)
What are the problems associated with a rise in hate crimes?
Many officers are unclear on what constitutes a hate crimes
Police have poor relationships with radicalized, religious and LGBTQ communities
Why are police unsuccessful in securing prosecutions of hate crimes?
There exists a difficulty in determining hate motivation
There is a low priority placed on hate crimes
Hate crimes have low margins of success and officers often face a high bar in securing approvals for prosecution
What measures of social control can be used to curb hate crimes?
Legislation
Establishment of trust
Action in police/justice system : deterrence