Carbon Group, Titanium Group, Nitrogen Group, Vanadium

Titanium

• “sons of the earth”

• alloys with steel

• used in aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles

Titanium dioxide

• used as white pigment in creams and paints

• ward off light rays - for sunscreen prep

• opacifying agent in capsule and tablet coatings

Cerium oxalate

• antiemetic - during early stage of pregnancy

Pnictogens

• “to choke”

Nitrogen

• “Mephitic air” (D. Rutherford)

• Azote

• found in nature as chile saltpeter (sodium nitrate)

• found in soil

• necessity for development of plants - nitrogen fixation

Azote

means without life (A. Lavoisier)

79% nitrogen

Volume of nitrogen in atmosphere

Nitrous oxide

• “laughing gas”

• exhilarating effect when inhaled

• ANALGESIC AND ANESTHETIC

Ammonia

• “alkaline air”

• colorless gas w/ strong pungent odor

• produced commercially by HABER PROCESS

• Ammonium hydroxide sol - ammonia water

Liquid ammonia

• used for refrigeration and manufacture of ARTIFICIAL ICE

Strong ammonia solution

• stronger ammonia water

• 27 - 29% NH3

• used in manufacture of ammonium salts, nitric acid, and fertilizers

Diluted ammonia solution

• ammonia water

• 9 - 10% NH3

• “Spirits of hartshorn” - product of destructive dist. horn of male deer

• “household ammonia” - for cleaning and washing due to water softening and saponifying agent

Ammonium bromide

sedative

Ammonium carbonate

• “sal volatile”, preston salt, Hartshorn

• REFLEX STIMULANT & EXPECTORANT

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

• gastric stimulant

• carminative and antacid

Ammonium acetate solution

“Spirit of Mindererus””

Expectorant Mixture

“Mistura pectoralis, Stroke’s Expectorant”

Ammonium chloride

• “Muriate of Ammonia, Sal ammoniac”

• Expectorant, diuretic

Phosphorus

“i bear light” - greek - phosphorescence

White P

• most reactive

• stored under kerosene

Red P

less reactive than White P

Scarlet P

• obtained by heating PI3 with Hg; mixed with potassium chlorate to make matches

Violet P

obtained by heating White P with Na

Black P

• obtained by heating P with Pb;

• least reactive

• most stable

Hydrides of Phosphorus (Phosphine PH3)

Carbon

2nd most abundant element in the HUMAN BODY

Crystalline

• Organized

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerene

Amorphous

• not organized

• coal, charcoal, coke

Diamond

• pure native form

• colorless, tinted or black crystal

Diamond

one of the hardest substances (10 on Mohr’s scale)

Graphite

• soft, black shiny solid

Graphite

• Greek word Graphein - “to write”

• used in lead pencils

Activated charcoal

• destructive distillation of plant substances

• adsorptive, treatment of stomach or intestinal disorders

Purified animal charcoal

• of animal origin (bone)

• purified by dissolving in HCL and water

• similar to activated charcoal but LESS ADSORPTIVE

Carbon tetrachloride

• use with CAUTION as ANTHELMINTIC

• main constituent of FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Anthelminthic

kills parasitic worms

Carbon dioxide

CARBONIC ACID GAS

OXYGEN GAS MIXED WITH 5% CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

treatment of poisoning by CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine

Carbon dioxide snow (dry ice)

remedy for skin disorder (eg acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts)

Carbon disulfide

solvent in RUBBER INDUSTRY

Purified siliceous earth

• ‘purified kieselguhr’, ‘purified Tripoli’

Purified siliceous earth

• form of silica (silicon dioxide)

• ABSORBENT and CLARIFYING AGENT

• POLISHING POWDER FOR METALS

Silicon dioxide

• SILICA

Gems

quartz with impurities

Silica gel

desiccant - drying agent

Glass

Mixture of various silicates

Soft glass

• cheapest glass

• most common glass

• lead silicate + sodium silicate

Hard glass

• more acid resistant glass

• potassium silicate + Mg/Al oxides

Flint glass

• 50% PbO

• low refraction, high dispersion; used in making lenses for optimal instruments

Crown glass

• 10% K2O

• high refraction, low dispersion

Soda lime grass

• for common bottles

• soft glass

Borosilicate glass

• very tough, lower coefficient of expansion; used in chemical glassware and cooking utensils

• hard glass

Germanium dioxide

• stimulates formation of RBC and for

• treatment of anemia

Tin

• Stannum

Tin

• resistant to very weak acids and alkalis

• used for household utensils, chemicals

Tinplate

• iron + tin (tin cans)

Stannic oxide

• for staphylococci infections

• DENTRIFICE

Stannous chloride

• as dihydrate - tin salt;

• used as MORDANT

Stannic chloride

“Fuming spirit of Libavius”

Stannic sulfide

• artificial gold

Lead

• Plumbum

• toxic

Lead uses

• plumbing, water pipes

• making storage batteries

• pain pigments

Lead acetate

“sugar of lead

• as lotion - astringent

• as wash - treatment for poison ivy

Lead subacetate solution

• “Goulard’s Extract”

• Extract of Saturn

• astringent, anti-inflammatory

Diluted lead subacetate solution

“lead water”

Lead oxide

• “litharge”, lead monoxide

• used in prep of lead acetate sol.

Lead carbonate (Basic lead carbonate)

• “white lead”

• Paint pigment

Lead chloride

• astringent

• pigment - “Cassel’s yellow”

Lead chromate

• “king’s yellow”