apush c6 big business!!

management revolution

internal management structure adopted by large corporations that departmentalized operations which formed better, more powerful industries in the US

this also allowed many big businesses to expand

what were some tactics used to by big businesses

assembly lines, vertical integration (a company controlling all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods), horizontal integration (forcing rivals to merge into a single conglomerate), trusts (associates hold stock from multiple firms and manage them as a single entity) and monopolizing

the gospel of wealth

• Carnegie published “The Gospel of Wealth” which said that corporate leaders were successful because they were “the fittest” and people in poverty were “weaker” (he also said, though, that money should be donated to the public)

consumer culture

• Department store invented (Macy’s), mail-ordering (Sears), paying money for ads to make things free

The Corporate Workplace

• Middle managers supervised departments, white-collar-workers emerged, traveling salesmen offered goods and promoted products

• Women started forming the majority of lower-level office jobs (secretaries, clerks, telephone operators)

how did industrialization affect workers?

• Originally, skilled craftsmen had levels of autonomy in coal, glass, stove making, etc. industries, and formed personal relationships with unskilled workers they hired to help them

• Independence was lost through industrialization: deskilling of labor meant that build things was divided into parts, and certain people would perform only their part instead of building a whole machine.

• Scientific management aimed to push workers as much as possible, who would resist, but it did create an emerging class system (elite, middle class, impoverished workers)

• Industries polluted the environment and damaged peoples’ bodies

• Women and African Americans were excluded from work often, child labor was common

european and asian immigrants and their migration patterns—how were they similar? how were they different?

• Europe immigrants often came through Ellis Island and were often unskilled laborers who were paid very little, many returned to their home countries or were stuck in a cycle in the US

• Jewish people fled religious repression

• After the Civil War, the Burlingame Treaty allowed more Chinese immigrants to come to the US

• Congress passed Page Act which basically excluded Chinese women from joining their husbands in the US

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) barred Chinese laborers from entering the US until 1943

• Chinese people were deemed “illegal immigrants” and had to fight to get to the US

great railroad strike of 1877

a nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers who protested against powerful corporations and steep wage cuts amid a severe economic depression

greenback movement

• Greenback movement led by greenback-labor party (political movement that called on government to print more money, protect worker rights, regulate corporations, etc.) and was the start of reform towards big businesses

  • Green backers valued producerism (economic wealth is generated by workers engaged in physical labor) and helped trigger Granger laws (helped limit corporate power)

knights of labor VS american federation of labor

• Knights of Labor kickstarted labor activism—first mass labor organization of nationwide scope to unite all workers, advocated for safety laws, no child labor, better hours, etc. Led by Powderly

• Haymarket Square (conflict in Chicago in which workers and policemen were killed by local anarchists) tainted the Knights’ reputation and hindered reform progress

• American Federation of Labor was an organization of skilled workers created by Samuel Gompers that called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve better pay and benefits, largest organization of its era

• AFL focused on skilled workers who were in unions together through the pure-and-simple unionism plan (strict limits to workers, goals that immediately benefitted workers)

how did farmers and workers work together?

• Farmers’ Alliance was a rural movement advocating for farmers’ rights, strict regulation of railroads, and greater aid to farmers through programs and laws. The Alliance proposed a federal price-support system for farm products, modeled on the national banks

• Grover Cleveland passed the Hatch Act to give federal funding to agricultural research/education and the Interstate Commerce Act which led to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC; founded to oversee railroad industry and to prevent unfair rates)

how did social darwinism and eugenics impact society?

• Darwinism—natural selection, characteristics that help survive will go to future generations

• Social Darwinism—Spencer argued that human society advanced through competition and survival of the fittest. this idea let big businessmen justify their greed because they believed their were “chosen'“ through natural selection

• Eugenics—an emerging “science” of human breeding in the late nineteenth century that argued mentally deficient people should not be allowed to reproduce. perpetuated immigration restriction and racism/ableism

how did religion operate in industrial society?

• Catholics, especially immigrants, separated into different divisions based on their cultures, many Catholics sent their children to catholic schools

• American Protective Association (APA) formed by Protestants calling for restrictions on immigrants and anti-Catholics to protect their religion, called for a ban on Catholic schools

• Social Gospel movement to renew religion faith through social justice and reforming, participates included Jews Catholics and Protestants, Salvation Army formed to help the poor

• Fundamentalists—rejected modernism and used literal truth of the Bible

• All of these^ movements helped with religious revivals and reform movements, as religion was kept intact in these new communities

plessy v ferguson

an 1896 supreme court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities if they claimed to be separate but equal, were allowed

this case set the tone for jim crow segregation laws (seperation of the races) that would continue until the next century

how did people begin to spend their time now that leisure was emphasized?

• PT Barnum’s circus, department stores, railroad cars, etc. all gave women and children new opportunities to enjoy and also let middle-class people emulate the elite

• YMCA founded to blend together Christianity and fitness, hosted different classes

• Country clubs founded for elite

• Baseball teams formed out of cricket, National League, employees competing on paid work time in baseball for their companies. Negro Leagues were all-Black teams who had faced discrimination and were successful as well. Football appears too

how did nature begin to be emphasized?

• People began to spend more time outside camping at national parks, Sierra Club founded to appreciate mountains, conversates working to preserve wildlife which limited hunting that earlier supported many families

• Money set aside for parks created the National Park Service, federal agency that helped oversee National Parks

• Antiquities Act gave president power to set aside sites of environmental significance

how did education opportunities grow for women and african americans?

• Early 1900s—laws passed ensuring all kids went to school, which showed how education and limiting family size would chart the path to upward social mobility. with less kids, more education time!

• College curriculum transformed and focused on technical training for state universities and also liberal arts (electives)

• Booker T Washington promoted African American industrial education; his Atlanta Compromise urged white and black people to work towards progress for all (he was accused of approving segregation, which he wasn’t intending, but many whites liked his ideas because they were not as radical)

• Women attended college more frequently (in African American colleges too) often in all-girls schools, but also in co-ed schools too, showing how women were relying less on men in a changing economy

women’s civic activism: WTCU, maternalism

• Women began to form clubs on issues such as pollution and poverty, justifying them through “maternalism” (belief women should contribute political through special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides, hybrid between activism and republican motherhood)

• WCTU (woman’s Christian temperance union) founded to advocate for liquor prohibition. WTCUs introduced kindergarten, soup kitchens, free libraries, et.

• WTCU promoted Prohibition Party and helped encourage women to join the national debate of poverty

• Women played roles in patriotic movements and African American activism; Nat. Asso. Of Colored women founded to promote public health and suffrage, etc.; National Baptist Church also persuaded for rights and reforms

• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) advocated for suffrage and feminism

new inventions…how did they make the new industrial city

• Industrialization developing created cities for manufacturing as well as finance and trade

• Electric trolly system and elevated railroad headed transportation but also segregated wealthy districts into suburbs

• Through steel girders, durable plate glass, and passenger elevators, skyscrapers were now made possible and helped maximize space—chicago school created for architecture and inspired many

• Electricity shifted away consumers from coal gas and let people go out more/advertise

newcomers in the neighborhood

• Women left farms in search of paid work as spinning/weaving started taking place in factories

• As people immigrated, ethnic neighborhoods sprang up in various cities, where community between an ethnic group was strong (but also often through governmental segregation)

  • Mutual benefit societies in ethnic groups formed to pool funds to help each other in case of emergency need, helped support death or disability on the job

• Black people began to leave the south and/or go to larger cities where they often had to take service jobs and faced race riots (attacks from white mobs)

• Poorer immigrants lived in tenements (cheap, high-density, diseased apartments) because they needed to live near their jobs because they couldn’t afford transportation

new city enjoyments

• Vaudeville theater (stage shows in late 1800s with singing/dancing) popped up but were later replaced by movies, great amusement parks like coney island attracted visitors

• Music could be listened to through the new phonograph, ragtime music from African American musicians created dance halls and lots of dancing, blues also became popular and spoke to many people who felt alone

• Women relied on sexual favors (sort of casual prostitution) from men to get by on wages, offering themselves to strangers for presents and pleasure; casual sex and dating became more frequent as did drag and gay bars

• Elites visited libraries and museums

• Yellow journalism (sensationalized journalism) encouraged citizens to get involved in reform and exposed corruption and negative parts of society

  • Muckrakers: used to describe reformers/journalists who exposed social abuse/scandal

political machines: pros and cons

• Political machines: local party bureaucracies that held a grip on both elected and appointed public offices, created corruption cycles through favors and bribes

• major political people in charge would get extra money slipped their way, but they attended weddings and helped people get housing for ordinary citizens

• slight bias towards the wealthy

• Middle-class reformers condemned immigrants for supporting political machines, but they believed middle-class people didn’t care about their problems and machines gave them a helping hand

• Machine governments helped create public projects through public investment

•  Workers often formed strikes against corruption and demanded for publicly owned (instead of privately owned) utilities

• Governments changed to more reform-style to help fight corruption through community gardens, crime reduction, affordable housing; National Municipal League founded to hire city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive

progressivism and social settlements

• Progressivism was a loose array of reform movements that helped clean up politics, racism, poverty, etc. which created dramatic change and new civic participation

• Sanitation movements brought down illness especially for children, people advocated for cleaner air and the “City Beautiful” movement which advocated for landscapes/playgrounds/parks

• Social settlements (Progressive-Era community welfare center that investigated plight of urban poor, advocated for change, and helped residents advocate for themselves through daycares, playgrounds, etc.)

• The most notable was Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889 in Chicago—these founders realized the working-class knew what they needed, but couldn’t get there because they didn’t have resources or a voice

post-reconstruction, what did politics look like?/sherman antitrust act

• Political parties (republicans/democrats) switched back and forth for power in the “Gilded Age” (time of corrupt and stagnant politics)

• Rise of southern democrats and ex-confederates, plus union veterans after the Civil War brought major party loyalty and most voting turnout in history

• Labor Bureaus/commissions helped expose unsafe practices

• When Republicans briefly controlled both houses and the white house, they pushed modernizing agendas like the Sherman Antitrust (forbade anti-competitive businesses through government investigation) and the attempted Lodge Bill (bill proposing that whenever one hundred citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner, helping protect African American voting rights, unfortunately not passed)

why was garfield’s assisination important?

people thought he was killed because of the spoils system (government giving jobs to party loyalists) which created the pendleton act

Pendleton Act passed to create the Civil Service Commission, which helped fill federal jobs by examination and reduced corruption and increased government efficiency in the long-term

populists

• Republicans in Kansas created the People’s Party (Populists) to advocate for more protection of ordinary Americans

  • Omaha platform called for public ownership of transportation, income tax on wealthy, and protection of land from monopoly and foreign ownership

  • Mixed response—one of the most successful insurgent parties ever

  • would later die off because the Democratic party would replace it

reaction to the depression of 1890s

• As Republicans took over, severe economic depression and resulting protests scared many Americans, who feared workers would embrace socialism or Marxism

  • Jacob Coxey proposed government hire unemployed to fix railroads, didn’t go over so well

• Cleveland, now president, was bad at dealing with working-class demands and resisted free silver policy (loosening money and using silver AND gold to encourage borrowing)

democrats in the solid south

• Democrats in the South took almost complete control of the Southern government by driving out Populist rule, calling themselves the White Man’s Party

• In Williams v. Mississippi, the court ruled that states could impose poll taxes and literacy tests, keeping African Americans out in the south and further perpetuating racism through lynching and convict leasing which mostly held African Americans

after william mckinley was assissinated, what did teddy roosevelt do differenty?

Roosevelt created Bureau of Corporations to investigate businesses, through Square Deal campaign (calling for regulation of corporations and protection of consumers and the environment) he won a second term

Passed Hepburn Act to strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission and helped pass Standard Oil decision (breaking up Standard Oil into smaller businesses) which showed how the federal level was beginning to break up overly powerful companies

Roosevelt promoted environmental activism and national parks but also allowed the government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects in the Newlands Reclamation Act

WED Bois

• WED Bois and other reformers met to advocate for better racial equality and led to the National Association for Advancement of Colored People to promote racial justice

election of 1912

• Roosevelt campaigned through the Progressive Party with a “New Nationalism” platform calling for federal child labor laws, minimum wage for women, suffrage, etc.

• Republicans nominated Taft for a second term

• Socialist group campaigned under Eugene V. Debs who wanted to defeat capitalism

• Woodrow Wilson Democratic choice, reform energy change from the past

wilson’s reforms

• Passed inheritance tax and federal progressive income tax (affected most wealthy groups)

• Federal Reserve Act created central bank system to reduce economic crises

• Passed Clayton Antitrust Act to continue pursuing antitrust cases to prevent monopoly corporations from occurring

• Passed laws to benefit laborers

• Did NOT help African Americans AT ALL