Exam 2 Flash KINE 336

Main components of proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Dispensable (nonessential) amino acids

Amino acids that the body can synthesize on its own.

Protein quality (DIAAS/PDCAAS)

Methods used to evaluate protein quality based on amino acid composition and digestibility.

Complete protein

A protein that contains all essential (indispensable) amino acids in adequate amounts.

Complementary proteins

Two incomplete plant proteins combined to provide all essential amino acids.

Enzyme

A polypeptide that catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions in the body.

Predigested (hydrolyzed) protein

Protein broken down into smaller peptides and amino acids for easier absorption.

Catabolism

The metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Lipids

A group of fats in the body and food, including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Triglycerides

The main type of fat found in the body and in food.

Monounsaturated fats

Fats that contain one double bond in their fatty acid chain.

Trans fat configuration

A type of double bond where hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides.

Hydrogenated oil

Oil that has had hydrogen added, making it more solid and potentially containing trans fats.

Hydrogenated oil food sources

Margarine, shortening, snack products, and commercial baked goods.

Triglyceride composition

Made of glycerol and a combination of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated fat food example

Butter.

Monounsaturated fat food example

Olive oil.

Polyunsaturated fat food example

Corn oil.

Omega-3 sources

Salmon, mackerel, and sardines.

Low-intensity exercise

The exercise intensity that primarily uses fat for fuel.

Beta-carotene

A precursor to vitamin A that also functions as an antioxidant.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Guidelines that determine recommended daily nutrient intake and safe upper limits.

Vitamin toxicity

Adverse effects that occur when vitamins are consumed in excessive amounts.

Vitamin A toxicity

Can cause blurred vision, liver damage, birth defects, and may be fatal.

Vitamin B3 toxicity

Causes diarrhea, mental changes, and skin rash.

Vitamin B6 toxicity

Leads to nervous system damage such as numbness and difficulty walking.

Vitamin C toxicity

May cause diarrhea, fatigue, kidney stones, and iron overload in some individuals.

Vitamin D toxicity

Causes tissue calcification, kidney stones, and GI/nervous system symptoms.

Vitamin E toxicity

Can lead to anemia and muscle weakness.

Folate toxicity

May cause insomnia, irritability, and increased cancer risk.

Pantothenic acid toxicity

Causes fatigue, burning feet, muscle weakness, and cramps.

Vitamin A (night vision)

Essential for maintaining proper night vision.

Vitamin E sources

Sunflower oil, safflower oil, almonds, and hazelnuts.

Ascorbic acid

The chemical name for vitamin C.

Vitamin supplementation in athletes

Generally unnecessary if consuming a balanced, nutrient-dense diet.

Vitamin B12

A water-soluble vitamin important for red blood cell formation, nervous system function, and DNA synthesis; helps prevent anemia.

Toxic vitamins

Vitamin A, Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, folate, and pantothenic acid.

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