Chapter 15: Eyes

What does the confrontation test assess?

Peripheral vision

What is the pupillary light reflex?

The construction of the eyes when a bright light shines on the retina

What is fixation?

Tracking an object

What is accommodation?

Construction of the pupil and convergence of the the eyes medically

How do the pupils look in far vision? Close vision?

• Far- dilated

• Near- constricted

What eye muscle does CN VI control?

Lateral rectus

What eye muscle does CN IV control?

Superior oblique

What eye muscles does CN III control?

Inferior oblique, superior and inferior rectus, medial rectus

What is ectropion?

Lower eyelid is loose and everting, eyes feel dry/itchy, increases risk for inflammation.

• occurs with aging

What is entropion?

Eyelid turns inward, usually irritating the eyeball

What is periorbital edema?

Swelling around the eyes, often caused by fluid buildup in the tissues surrounding the eye

What is ptosis?

Drooping of the upper eyelid, which can partially or completely cover the eye

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Small/painless nodule with central ulceration on the (usually lower) eyelid

• seen in older adults from UV exposure and light skin

What is a hordeolum?

Aka stye, an acute, painful infection of the oil glands in the eyelid.

What is chalazion?

Nodule below the eyelid that is inwards

• tender/red/warm when ACUTE from obstruction/inflammation

• Firm/nontender/swelling when chronic

What is blepharitis?

Inflammation of the eyelid margins, often involving redness, swelling, and flaking skin or crusts

What is anisocoria?

Unequal pupil size

What is mitosis of the eyes?

Constricted and fixed pupils

What is mydriasis?

Dilated and fixed pupils

What are signs of a medical emergency?

Rapid onset of floaters, flashes of light, loss of peripheral/central vision, shadow/curtain like vision in one eye

What are cataracts?

Lens opacity from excess protein in the lens

What is glaucoma?

First affect peripheral vision and move centrally, from an increase in IOP leading to compression of the optic nerve.

• more common in African Americans over 40 years

What is AMD?

Age related macular degeneration, loss of central vision

• more common in white Americans over 75

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Oxidative damage and inflammation of the retina leading to blindness.

• leading cause of blindness in the working-age adults