Psychology Chapter 1

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Psychology

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42 Terms

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Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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Behavior

Any action that can be directly observed.

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Mental processes

Internal activities in the mind that aren’t directly observable.

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Dualism

The idea that thoughts and ideas can exist separately from the mind.

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Rene Descartes

Investigated the connection between mind and body through animal dissection.

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John Locke

Proposed that the mind at birth is a blank slate; early empiricism.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Believed the mind could be examined scientifically and objectively.

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Edward Titchener

Associated with structuralism and introspection.

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William James

Founder of functionalism, influenced by Darwin's theory of adaptation.

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Gestalt psychology

Focuses on how people organize information into wholes, associated with Max Wertheimer.

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Freud

Foundation of the psychodynamic approach and psychoanalysis.

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John B

Developed the behavioral approach, focusing on observable behavior.

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Applied behavior analysis

Application of learning principles to solve real-world problems.

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Humanistic approach

We’re born inherently good and mental disorders are from a deviation of this natural tendency

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Cognitive approach

Studies the workings of the brain and information processing.

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Biological approach

Examines biological bases of behavior and nervous system structure.

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Evolutionary approach

Explores how human behavior has evolved for survival, based on Darwin.

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Sociocultural perspective

Focuses on social and cultural influences on behavior.

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Eclectic approach

Combines multiple perspectives and theories for understanding behavior.

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Clinical psychologists

Diagnose and treat people, typically holding a doctoral degree.

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Applied psychologists

Use psychological theory to address real-world problems.

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Academic psychologists

Engage in teaching and research, often in competitive environments.

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Hindsight bias

The belief that one knew something all along, leading to overconfidence in predictions.

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False consensus effect

Tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs or behaviors.

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Scientific method

A systematic process for conducting objective inquiry.

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Critical thinking

A method of processing information that involves questioning evidence and motives.

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Descriptive study

Observes and describes behaviors without investigating variable relationships.

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Naturalistic observation

Studying subjects in their natural environment, with potential reactivity issues.

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Observer bias

When an observer's expectations influence their observations.

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Laboratory study

Controlled environment for data collection, but may lack real-world applicability.

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Case study

In-depth study of one or a few individuals, providing unique insights but limited generalizability.

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Survey

A series of questions about behaviors or opinions, can include self-report questionnaires and interviews.

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Random sampling

Ensures every individual has an equal chance of being included in a study.

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Correlational studies

Measure the degree of relationship between two variables without manipulation.

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Correlation does not equal causation

A reminder that correlation does not imply one variable causes another.

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Experiments

Research method that manipulates variables to determine causality.

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Confederate

An actor in an experiment who knows the study's aim.

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Operational definition

A precise definition of variables and how they will be measured.

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Confounding variable

An extraneous variable that could affect the dependent variable.

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Single blind experiment

Participants are unaware of their group assignment to reduce bias.

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Double blind experiment

Both participants and researchers are unaware of group assignments to eliminate bias.

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Ethics in research

Guidelines to ensure informed consent, minimize harm, and protect confidentiality.