History of Civ to 1500 Exam 4 - Dr. Clauson (Cedarville University)

476

Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

529

Council of Orange, addressing issues of grace and free will.

590-604

Gregory I (the Great), significant pope known for reforms.

632 and forward

Rise of Islam, expanding throughout the Middle East and beyond.

800

Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor by the Pope.

962

Otto I becomes Holy Roman Emperor in Germany.

700s-1000s

Period marked by Viking raids and invasions across Europe.

1054

Great Schism, division between Western and Eastern Christianity.

1066

William the Conqueror invades England; significant change in English history.

1075

Investiture Controversy, conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV.

1079

"Re-discovery" of Corpus Juris Civilis, Roman law code.

1095

Launch of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II.

c. 1100

Rise of Scholasticism as a method in education.

1100s

Twelfth Century Renaissance; significant growth of universities.

1215

• Fourth Lateran Council, important church assembly.

• Magna Carta signed in England, limiting royal authority.

1200s

• Recovery of Aristotle and Plato in the West, influencing thought.

• Consolidation of political power in France and England.

• Flowering of Monasticism.

1274

Death of Thomas Aquinas and beginning of his popularity.

1300s

Rise of conciliarism in church, the belief that ecumenical councils held supreme authority, apart from, or even against, the pope.

1302

Unam Sanctam, papal bull asserting the supremacy of the Pope.

1337-1453

Hundred Years War between England and France.

1378-1417

The "Babylonian Captivity" of the papacy in Avignon.

1400s

Increasing calls for reformatio.

1450s

Invention of the printing press by Gutenberg.

1453

Fall of Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire.

1517

Luther posts Disputatio, marking the start of the Reformation.

Middle Ages

Period from c. 500 to c. 1500, characterized by a religious worldview.

Dark Ages

Earlier term for the Middle Ages, now less favored.

Corpus Christianum

Idea of a unified Christian society developed in the Middle Ages.

Scholasticism

Method of critical thought dominant in medieval universities.

Feudalism

System of political organization with localized authority.

Trivium

Three subjects of study: logic, rhetoric, and grammar.

Quadrivium

Four subjects of study: mathematics, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Caesaropapism

Political theory where a single ruler governs both church and state.

Erastian

Relating to state supremacy over church matters.

John of Paris

Wrote De potestate regia et papali, arguing the church and state both derived power from God but were independent of each other.

Marsilius of Padua

Wrote Defensor Pacis, arguing for separation of church and state and more limitations on papal power, but was more democratic, asserting the sovereignty of the people.

Decretals

Papal letters containing decisions on canon law.

Medieval Worldview

Belief in a world governed by spiritual forces and moral order.

Three Orders

Social structure: those who pray, fight, and work.

Papacy

Relied on Scripture and reason to stake its claim to supremacy: Matthew 16, John 21.

Corpus Juris Civilis

• Roman law code rediscovered in the 11th century.

• It was translated into Greek and continued as the Basilika.

• Local custom and royal decrees had governed prior to its discovery.

Scholastic Method

Learning approach emphasizing dialectical reasoning.

Church-State Relations

• Debate over the relationship between religious and secular authority.

• The church said the state aided in dealing with a sinful world, but church determined sin.

Aristotelian Influence

Growth of Aristotle's philosophy in theology after the 1200s.

Medieval Science

Characterized by reliance on authorities and limited experimentation.

Medieval Economic Thought

Concepts of feudalism and restrictions on usury.

Medieval Marriage

• Sacramental institution centered on procreation.

• Women had veto power.

• Divorce was not allowed, but annulment was.

Medieval Literacy

• Limited to clergy; most of the population was illiterate.

• Reading was done out loud.

Illuminated Manuscripts

• Formally prepared document with decorated text.

• Copied in a scriptorium.

• Mistakes and deliberate additions were common.

• Primary way for making books before the printing press.