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The Black Plague

Transmission

The Black Plague

Transmission

Infected fleas would jump from rats to humans

The Black Plague

Preventative Care

Doctors would wear beaks filled with perfume

The Black Plague

Superstitions

1. Folk songs and “bless you”

2. "Ring Around the Rosie"

Renaissance meaning

Rebirth

Renaissance

Characteristics

1. Rebirth of Greco-Roman classics and antiquity (ancient past before middle ages)

2. Emphasis on individual ability (A Universal person, someone who is capable of achievements in many areas of life)

3. New secular spirit (secularism; non religious)

Was the Renaissance a mass movement?

No, it was specifically for the elite.

Economic Recovery

Banking thrives in Florence under the Medici family

The Family in Renaissance Italy

Importance

1. Confers status (Medici)

2. Source of security

The Family in Renaissance Italy

Marriage

1. Arranged to strengthen family or business ties

2. Dowry size indicates upward or downward social movement

3. Husband manages the household; wife stays home to bear children

The Family in Renaissance Italy

Children

1. Wealthy women employ wet nurses

2. Childbirth often fatal; high infant mortality

The Family in Renaissance Italy

Sexual Norms

1. Affairs accepted for men, taboo for women

2. Many young, unmarried men used prostitutes as an outlet

The Five Major States

1. Duchy of Milan, Republic of Venice, Republic of Florence, Papal States, Kingdom of Naples

The Birth of Modern Diplomacy

1. Modern political diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy

2. Changing concept of the ambassador

The Birth of Modern Diplomacy

Changing concept of the ambassador

1. Resident ambassadors

2. Agents of the territorial state

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

1. Niccolo Machiavelli: Florentine diplomat and political philosopher (1469-1527)

2. The Prince

Who was Machiavelli’s ideal ruler?

Cesare Borgia

Humanism

1. Classical revival, focused on individualism and secularism

2. The Emergence of Humanism

Humanism

The Emergence of Humanism

Petrarch/Secularism (1304-1374)

Humanism in 15th century Italy

1. Civic humanism in Florence applies humanism to civil service

2. Interest in Classical Greek and Roman civilization

3. Connection between humanism and God/Individualism (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494)

Humanism in 15th century Italy

Interest in Classical Greek and Roman civilization

1. Leonardo Bruni 1370-1444, The New Cicero

2. Lorenzo Valla 1407-1457

Humanism and Philosophy

1. Neoplatonism

2. Hermeticism

Education in the Renaissance

1. Liberal Studies: history, philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music

2. Sound, mind, and body

3. Education of women limited

4. Aim of education was to create a complete citizen, at least for the elites

The Impact of Printing

Johannes Gutenberg

The spread of printing enhances learning

Johannes Gutenberg

1. Movable type (1445-1450)

2. Gutenberg’s Bible (1455-1456)

The spread of printing enhances learning

1. Facilitated cooperation among scholars

2. Stimulated development of lay reading public

Early Artistic Renaissance

1. Early Renaissance: viewed as craftsmen and artisans

2. First use of perspective and mathematical forms

3. Primary goal was realism in art

3. High Artistic Renaissance

1. Viewed as heroes or geniuses (elite status)

2. Idealized body; improved upon perspective and mathematical forms

3. Wanted to go “beyond” realism

Northern Artistic Renaissance, (centered in Flanders)

1. More focused on religion

2. More emphasis on detail than perspective

3. One of the first uses of oil paints

4. Some artists influenced by Italian works (Albrecht Durer)

Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism

1. Focus on sources of early Christianity

2. Use education to reform Church and humanity

3. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

1. Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)

2. “The Philosophy of Christ” emphasized inner piety

3. The Praise of Folly (1511) criticized society and the Church - wanted reform from within

1. Thomas More (1478-1535)

1. Utopia (1516)

2. Government service led to conflict with Henry VIII over religious issues

Motives for Expansion

 “God, Glory, and Gold”

Fantastic lands

1. Fantasy literature sparks European interest

2. The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)

1. Economic motives

1. Access to the East, inspired by the Polos

2. New areas of trade and access to spices

Religious zeal

1. convert the heathen to Christianity

The Means For Exploration

1. Centralization of political authority

2. Maps

Maps

1. Portolani more detailed than older medieval maps

2. Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions available from 1477 on) shows world as spherical

Ships and Sailing

1. Naval technology - better ships and navigational tools (astrolabe)

1. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire

1. Prince Henry the Navigator founds school for navigators in 1419

2. Explorations down the coast of Africa

3. The Portuguese in India

The Portuguese in India

1. Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) rounds Cape of Good Hope

2. Vasco da Gama (c. 1460-1524) reaches India

In Search of Spices

1. Portuguese expansion - Albuquerque captures Malacca and expands east

2. Reasons for Portuguese success: guns and seamanship

Voyages to the New World

1. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

2. New Voyages

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

1. Underestimates earth’s circumference

2. Convinces Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his westward voyage

3. Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492); Additional voyages (1493, 1498, 1502)

4. Treatment of native people

1. New Voyages

1. Amerigo Vespucci describes geography of New World; hence, “America”

2. Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates the Earth; but he is killed in the Philippines

Treaty of Tordesillas

divides world between Spain and Portugal

The Spanish Empire in the New World

1. Conquistadores: Gold, God, Glory

2. Spanish Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) defeats Montezuma and the Aztec Empire (Mexico) with the help of smallpox and superior firearms

3. Spanish conquest of the Maya (Guatemala) and Inca (Peru)

4. Administration of the Spanish Empire

5. Impact of Disease

Administration of the Spanish Empire

1. 3 major components: mining, agriculture, and shipping

2. Encomienda - a system of tribute, abused by Spanish settlers

3. Forced labor, starvation, and disease decimate native populations

4. 1542: Encomienda abolished and viceroy system established

5. The Church - mass conversion of Natives

Africa: The Slave Trade

1. Origins of the Slave Trade

2. Growth of the Slave Trade

Origins of the Slave Trade

1. Slaves used in Portuguese households

2. Sugar cane plantations demand more labor

Growth of the Slave Trade

1. Became part of the triangular trade

2. Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth Centuries

3. The Middle Passage: high death rate during transit

4. African middlemen active in slave trade, and often dictate prices

Triangular Trade

Slaves to the Americas, Sugar/tobacco/cotton Europe, Textile goods to Africa

Effects of the Slave Trade

1. Cheap manufactured goods undermine cottage industry

2. In Africa: depopulation and increased warfare

3. Humanitarian: criticism of slavery

The Conquered

1. Native populations devastated

2. New civilization: Latin America

3. Exchange of plants and animals

4. Catholicism and missionaries controlled lives of Native Americans

1. The Conquerors

1. Economic effects: gold and silver set off price revolution

2. Columbian Exchange of plants and animals

3. European rivalries intensified

4. Psychological impact: Eurocentric perspective

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century

price revolution

1. The Growth of Commercial Capitalism

1. Important trading locations shift to Atlantic seaboard

2. Joint-stock companies raise large amounts of capital

3. New economic institutions

4. Agriculture still dominates economy

1. New economic institutions

1. The Bank of Amsterdam

2. Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)

Religious Causes

1. Corruption in the Catholic Church

2. Widespread desire for meaningful religious expression

Corruption in the Catholic Church

1. Pluralism - holding more than one office at a time

2. Absenteeism - an official not participating in position but receiving payment

3. Simony - sale of church offices

4. Nepotism - appointing family members of Church offices

5. Clerical ignorance - many priests were basically illiterate

6. Moral decline of the papacy

7. Sale of indulgences

Widespread desire for meaningful religious expression

Critics of the Church emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary

Martin Luther

Political Causes

1. Kings resent power of Catholic Church and the Pope.

2. German Princes want more power

Social Causes

1. Printing press allows the spread of religious ideas

2. Peasants hoping to improve their lives by joining Lutheranism

Martin Luther

Early Life

1. Education in law

2. Rediscovers doctrine of salvation through faith alone

The Indulgence Controversy 

1. Jubilee indulgence issued by Pope Leo X (1517), sold enthusiastically by Johann Tetzel (Johann Tetzel sells indulgences) 

2. Ninety-Five Theses prompt controversy (Ninety-Five Theses) 

1. The Quickening Rebellion

1. 1519: Leipzig Debate - Luther denies authority of popes and councils

2. 1520: Luther’s pamphlets move him towards break with Rome

3. 1521: Luther excommunicated, summoned to Diet of Worms, and declared an outlaw (Luther Song) 

The Rise of Lutheranism

1. Spread through Germany though Luther’s German translation of the Bible and evangelical sermons

2. Dissent from the Humanists, who prefer Christian unity

3. Luther condemns the Peasants’ War (1524); defender of political authority

Organizing the Church

1. Kept two of seven sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper (but denied transubstantiation)

2. Authority of Scripture: “Priesthood of all believers”

3. Churches: Stronger role for state and new religious services

4. Priests may marry; Luther marries a former nun, Katherina von Bora

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics

1. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) seeks to preserve his empire’s political and religious unity

2. The French and the Papacy

3. The Ottoman Empire: Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) advances as far as Vienna in 1529

4. Politics in Germany

The French and the Papacy

1. Habsburg-Valois (1521-1544) wars fought against Francis I of France

2. Pope Clement VII (1523-1534) sides with Francis I until Charles V’s army sacks Rome

Politics in Germany

1. Fragmented political power

2. Lutheran princes form Schmalkaldic League; Charles seeks compromise

3. Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547) result in protestant defeat

4. Revives in 1552 when Schmalkaldic League allies with Henry II of France

5. Peace of Augsburg (1555): division of Christianity acknowledged

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists

1. Philosophy

2. Practices

3. Catholics and Protestants were both against Anabaptists - often persecuted

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists

Philosophy

1. Church was a voluntary association of believers

2. All believers are considered equal (priests)

3. Separation of Church and State

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists

Practices

1. Adult baptism

2. Each Church chooses minister

3. Simple living

4. Refused to hold political office or bear arms (“thou shalt not kill”)

4. John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism

1. Theologian and organizer of Protestant movement

2. Ideas are similar to those of Luther, but emphasizes predestination

3. Two Sacraments: Baptism and The Lord’s Supper

4. Geneva

Geneva

1. New center of Protestant Reformation

2. 1541: city council accepts Ecclesiastical Ordinances (punishments for being immoral)

3. Strict church government to oversee moral life

4. Sent missionaries throughout Europe

5. The Reformation in England

1. Henry VIII (1509-1547) wants to divorce Catherine of Aragon

2. Henry seeks to dissolve marriage through English courts, distancing himself from Rome → marries Anne Boleyn, producing Elizabeth I 

3. Act of Supremacy (1534)

4. Thomas Cromwell recommends dissolution of monasteries

5. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury -- wants religious reformation, but has to settle for administrative until Henry VIII dies

6. King Edward VI (1547-1553) (son of wife #3, Jane Seymour)

7. Mary I, “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558)

Act of Supremacy (1534)

1. Makes English monarch head of Church

2. Opposed by Thomas More, who loses his head

King Edward VI (1547-1553) (son of wife #3, Jane Seymour)

1. Too young to effect changes in policy

2. Gives Cranmer opportunity to move in Protestant direction

Mary I, “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558)

1. Intends to restore Catholicism to England

2. Alliance with Spain is unpopular

The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation

The Family

1. Marriage no longer the lesser alternative to celibacy → more positive family relationships

2. Women’s roles

3. Education in the Reformation

4. Religious Practices and Popular Culture

Women’s roles

1. Obey husband

2. Bear children (punishment for sins of Eve)

3. Eliminates alternative of monasticism for women

4. Increase in education does little to improve social status

Education in the Reformation

1. Protestant schools create literate public (to read the Bible)

2. The gymnasium teaches Latin and Greek, philosophy, Hebrew, and theology

Religious Practices and Popular Culture

1. Changes in religious practices: mostly successful

2. Changes in forms of entertainment: mostly unsuccessful

Revival of the Old

1. Emergence of new female mysticism: Saint Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

2. Regeneration of religious orders: Benedictines, Dominicans, and Capuchins

3. Creation of new religious orders: Theatines and Ursulines

1. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1. Founder: Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556): The Spiritual Exercises

2. Principles

3. Activities of the Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Principles

1. Absolute obedience to the papacy

2. Strict hierarchical order of society

3. Use of education to combat Protestantism

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Activities of the Jesuits

1. Establish highly disciplined schools

2. Propagate Catholic faith among non-Catholics

3. Fight Protestantism

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

1. Reform Commission (1535-1537)

2. Recognized Jesuits

3. Summoned Council of Trent

4. Established Roman Inquisition (1542)

Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)

1. increased power of Inquisition

2. Created Index of Forbidden Books

The Council of Trent

1. Met intermittently from 1545-1563

2. Divisions between moderates (reformers) and conservatives

3. Conservatives win: reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

4. Resulted in a clear body of doctrine

Conservatives win: reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

1. Scripture and tradition are equal authorities

2. Faith and good works both necessary for salvation

3. Sacraments and clerical celibacy upheld

French kings (Valois-Catholic) through Catherine de’ Medici persecute Huguenots (French Calvinists) (though persuaded by Guises to do so

1. Conversion of the 40-50 percent of French nobility threatens king (Nobles are 10% of population)

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Two perspectives

1. Religious truth more important than political unity

2. Politics should come before religion (politiques)

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 24, 1572)

1. Guise family persuades king to instigate massacre of Huguenots in Paris

2. Massacre lasts three days and discredits Valois dynasty

Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)

1. Claims the throne after the War of the Three Henries (1588-1589)

2. Politique - converts to Catholicism (“Paris is well worth a mass.”)

3. Issues Edict of Nantes (1598) giving Huguenots rights but keeps Catholicism as official religion of France