LAB PRACTICAL #1

A&P II

Define a hormone

A chemical messenger that regulates specific body functions

Define a target cell

A tissue cell that has a receptor protein on its plasma membrane or in its interior for a hormone to bind to

Define a receptor

A protein that binds specifically with other molecules

Identify and name the major endocrine glands & tissues of the human body

1. Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary gland

3. Thyroid gland

4. Thymus

5. Adrenal glands

6. Pancreas

7. Ovary

8. Testes

9. Pineal gland

10. Parathyroid gland

Name the hormone:

GH

Growth hormone

Name the hormone:

TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Name the hormone:

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Name the hormone:

FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Name the hormone:

LH

Luteinizing hormone

Name the hormone:

PRL

Prolactin

Name the hormone:

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone

Name the hormone:

OT

Oxytocin

Name the hormone:

CT

Calcitonin

Name the hormone:

NE

Norepinephrine

Name the hormone:

EPI

Epinephrine

Name the hormone:

ICSH

Interstitial-cell stimulating hormone

Name the hormone:

TH

Thyroid hormone

Name the hormone:

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

What hormone(s) do the anterior pituitary gland create & secrete?

1. FSH

2. LH

3. ACTH

4. PRL

5. GH

6. TSH

What hormone(s) do the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

1. ADH

2. OT

What hormone(s) do the hypothalamus gland create, but don’t secrete?

1. ADH

2. OT

What hormone(s) do the hypothalamus gland create & secrete?

Releasing/Inhibiting hormones

What hormone(s) do the pineal gland create & secrete?

Melatonin

What hormone(s) do the thyroid gland create & secrete?

TH

• T3 - Triiodothyronine

• T4 - Thyroxine

What hormone(s) do the thymus gland create & secrete?

Thymosin

What hormone(s) do the adrenal medulla create & secrete?

1. EPI

2. NE

collectively know as adrenaline

What hormone(s) do the adrenal cortex gland create & secrete?

1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone

2. Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol

3. Zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids, primarily androgens

What hormone(s) do the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans gland create & secrete?

Glucagon

What hormone(s) do the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans gland create & secrete?

Insulin

What hormone(s) do the ovaries gland create & secrete?

1. Estrogen

2. Progesterone

What hormone(s) do the testes gland create & secrete?

Testosterone

What hormone(s) do the heart create & secrete?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

What hormone(s) do the kidneys create & secrete?

1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

3. Calcitrol

What is the function of FSH?

Causes the secretion of estrogen (regulates menstrual cycle) in females & causes sperm production in males

What is the function of LH?

Triggers ovulation in females, causes the endocrine cells of the testis to produce testosterone in males

What is the function of ACTH?

stimulates the production of adrenal glucocorticoids (cortisol)

What is the function of PRL?

Stimulates milk production in females

What is the function GH?

Stimulates growth of all body tissues, especially skeletal muscle & bone; mobilizes fat

What is the function of TSH?

Stimulates thyroid hormone production

What is the function of ADH?

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

What is the function of OT?

Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the ejection milk after delivery

What is the function of melatonin?

Helps set sleep-wake cycle

What is the function of TH?

Accelerates cellular metabolic rate; involved in glucose oxidation (breakdown of glucose into ATP & NADH)

What is the function calcitonin?

Regulates calcium by lowering absorption (released in response to high calcium levels)

What is the function of thymosin?

Involved in t-cell development & important for immune response

What is the function of EPI?

Adrenaline; chief adrenal medulla hormone

What is the function of NE?

Adrenaline; 20-25% of medulla secretion

What is the function of cortisol?

Assists the body to resist stress; depresses inflammatory & immune response; promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose); mobilizes fat for energy; stimulates protein catabolism (break down)

What is the function of aldosterone?

Increase levels of Na+ & decrease levels of K+; blood volume and pressure rise

What is the function of androgens?

Controls male secondary sex characteristics

What is the function of glucagon?

Raises glucose level of blood

What is the function of insulin?

Decreases glucose level of blood

What is the function of estrogen?

Stimulates female secondary sex hormones

What is the function of testosterone?

Necessary for normal sperm production

What is the function of ANP?

Decreases Na+ in blood, thereby reducing blood volume/pressure

What is the function of EPO?

Signals to red bone marrow to increase RBC produces

Name glands A & B

A: Parathyroid gland

B: Thyroid gland

Name glands A & B

A: Adrenal cortex

B: Adrenal medulla

Name glands A & B

A: A. pituitary

B: P. pituitary

Identify anatomical structures of the hypothalamus & pituitary gland

1. Paraventricular nucleus

2. Hypothalamic neuron

3. Hypothalamus

4. Posterior lobe

5. Anterior lobe

6. Infundibulum

7. Supraoptic nucleus

8. Hypophyseal portal system

Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and a. pituitary gland

The anterior lobe, composed of epithelial tissue, is connected to the hypothalamus vascularly, via the hypophyseal portal system. Releasing/inhibiting hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and circulate to the a. pituitary via the portal system.

Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and p. pituitary gland

The posterior gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum and is neural/hypothalamic tissue that grows downward, maintaining a neural connection via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.

Name the two major components of blood and state their average percentages in whole blood

Erythrocytes - 45%

Plasma - 55%

Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma

• Water – 90%, acts as the dissolving solvent of blood & absorbs heat

• Electrolytes – most abundant solute, helps maintain normal blood pH

• Plasma proteins- 8%, help maintain water balance in blood & tissues

• Other substances (nutrients, gases, waste) are transported through the plasma

Describe RBCs, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Biconcave, anucleate disc

• 4-6 million

• Transports oxygen and CO2

Describe WBCs and list the number of cells/mm³

• Spherical, nucleate cells

• 4,800-10,800

Describe neutrophils, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Multilobed nucleus; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules

• 3000-7000

• Phagocytize bacteria

Describe eosinophils, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

• 100-400

• Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergies/asthma

Describe basophils, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Bilobed nucleus; large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

• 20-50

• Releases histamine, a mediator of inflammation; contains heparin, an anticoagulant

Describe lymphocytes, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Spherical or indented nucleus; pale blue cytoplasm

• 1500-3000

• Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies (t-cells & b-cells)

Describe monocytes, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• U-shaped nucleus; gray-blue cytoplasm

• 100-700

• Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues

Describe thrombocytes, list the number of cells/mm³; and function.

• Discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple

• 150,000-400,000

• Blood clotting; seals small tears in blood vessels

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Monocyte

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Platelets

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Eosinophil

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Lymphocyte

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Neutrophil

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Basophil

Identify the blood cell at the tip of the pointer:

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Define hematocrit and describe what information it provides when performed as a medical test.

Hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume. As a medical test it determines the amount of RBCs in the blood and can aid in the diagnosis of anemia or polycythemia.

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin

Structure - consists of globin and four heme groups.

Function - a protein that makes RBCs red, binds & carries oxygen through the body

Describe the A blood type:

• A antigen

• B antibody

• Can receive A & O blood

• Can donate to A & AB types

Describe the B blood type:

• B antigen

• A antibody

• Can receive B & O blood

• Can donate to B & AB types

Describe the AB blood type:

• A & B antigens

• No antibodies

• Universal recipient

• Can only donate to AB types

Describe O blood type:

• No antigens

• A & B antibodies

• Can receive O blood

• Universal donor

Describe what is meant by Rh factor when typing blood

Those who carry the D Rh antigen are Rh+, those who do not are considered Rh-. This must be considered when typing blood because Rh- blood types can only receive from other Rh- types.

What is the reason for transfusion reactions resulting from the administration of mismatched blood?

Plasma antibodies attack & destroy the donor’s RBCs

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis fetalis) and what can be done to prevent it.

A woman who is Rh- becomes pregnant with a Rh+ baby. During delivery, the baby’s Rh+ antigens can enter the mother’s bloodstream, creating anti-Rh antibodies. This can be prevented by treating the mother with RhoGAM during the pregnancy and delivery of her first baby. If she is left untreated and becomes pregnant again with another Rh+ baby, the anti-Rh antibodies can cross through the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs, thereby causing Erythroblastosis fetalis in the newborn

Describe polycythemia & cite the reason for this condition

An abnormally high number of erythrocytes, may occur when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases

Describe leukocytosis & cite the reason for this condition

An increase in the number of leukocytes, results from a pathogen attack and may signal severe infection

Describe leukopenia & cite the reason for this condition

Abnormally low WBC count, is typically induced by drugs

Describe leukemia & cite the reason for this condition

A group of cancerous conditions involving the overproduction of abnormal WBCs

Describe the hematocrit test & its significance

Determines the percentage of RBC to the total blood volume; can help identify anemia or polycythemia

Describe the hemoglobin test & its significance

Determines the amount of hemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying protein, present in the blood; can help identify anemia

Describe the differential WBC count test & its significance

Determines the relative proportion of individual leukocyte types present in blood; can help identify abnormal white blood cell populations

Describe ABO blood typing & its significance

Used to identify A & B antigens present on RBCs; prevents transfusion reactions from occurring

Describe Rh typing & its significance

Used to identify if a specific Rh antigen is present in the blood; prevents transfusion reaction from occurring

Describe the size & location of the heart

The heart is about the size of a first and weighs less than a pound. It is located in the mediastinum and 2/3 of its weight lies left of the midsternal line. Its apex points towards the left hip & the base points toward the right shoulder. It rests upon the diaphragm.

Locate the major anatomical areas and structures of the anterior view of the heart

1. Superior vena cava

2. Right pulmonary artery

3. Right pulmonary veins

4. Right atrium

5. Right coronary artery

6. Right marginal artery

7. Inferior vena cava

8. Right ventricle

9. Anterior interventricular artery

10. Left ventricle

11. Great cardiac vein

12. Left coronary artery

13. Pulmonary trunk

14. Left atrium

15. Left pulmonary artery

16. Aortic arch

Locate the major anatomical areas and structures of the interior view of the heart

1. Right atrium

2. Pulmonary valve

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Chordae tendineae

5. Papillary muscle

6. Right ventricle

7. Interventricular septum

8. Epicardium

9. Myocardium

10. Left ventricle

11. Mitral valve

12. Aortic valve

13. Left atrium