exam 1- Chest and Lungs- Abnormalities

What is a reactive airways disease

Asthma

What is a small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways

Asthma

Asthma occurs more in the ___________ so the vibration test remains the same and percussion remains the same

Bronchioles

How is the only you can tell the difference when someone has asthma

Only through auscultation

Symptoms of asthma

Tachypnea

Coughing

Wheezing

Hypoxemia

What is one of the biggest patients complaints with asthma?What is the cause?

Coughing

-from the mucus

What is incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or the collapse of the lung at any age?

Atelectasis

Atelectasis is a compression or obstruction resulting in?

Respiration of air

Atelectasis findings are based on?

Airlessness area of lung

What Atelectasis is when the alveolar collapsed on lung from fluid pushing down on the lung?

Compressive Atelectasis

What Atelectasis is when an obstruction blocks air flow leading to all the air below the obstruction to be absorbed and then leading to lung collapse?

Obstructive atelectasis

What is inflammation of the large airways?

Bronchitis

What is the most common cause for acute bronchitis?

Viral

-chest cold

What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis

Smoking

Only difference in an examination you'll see on a patient with bronchitis will be?

Difference in auscultation

What is respiratory failure with low blood oxygen levels from the inhalation of vapors of nicotine and/or other substances/

E-Cigarette or Vaping Injury

E-Cigarette or Vaping injury is __________ lung inflammation

Acute

Symptoms of E-Cigarette or Vaping Injury

DYSPNEA, NON-PRODUCTIVE COUGH, CHEST, ABDOMINAL PAIN

Tachypnea, tachycardia, fever

Hypoexmia

What is an inflammatory process that is involving the visceral and parietal pleura that is secondary to PE, infection or connective tissue disease?

Pleurisy AKA pleuritis

What is something to know when it comes to findings with pleurisy (pleuritis)

There may not be enough fluid surrounding the lungs to have any findings

What is a big symptom with pleurisy (pleuritis)

Chest pain when breathing (pleuritic)

With a plearisy (pleuritis) what may be felt or heard?

Friction rub

What kind of breath sounds can be heard with pleurisy (pleuritis)

Rapid shallow respiration, decreased breath sounds

Pleurisy (pleuritis) involves the stuff (inside or surrounding) the lungs

Surrounding

What is excessive nonpurlent fluid in the pleural space that is due to HEART FAILURE, infection, renal insufficiency, connective tissue disease, neoplasm, trauma?

Pleural effusion

What kind of percussion, tactile fremitus, and breath sounds are heard with pleural effusion?

Dullness on percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

Decreased breath sounds

What is the thing with findings for pleural effusion?

There is enough fluid around the lung to have findings

What is it when purulent exudative fluid is collected in the pleural space?

Empyema

The purulent exudative fluid in empyema is not-freeing so it collects where?

In pleural space

Empyema is commonly from?

Infected adjacent tissue

What kind of breath sounds, percussion and tactile fremitus is found with empyema?

Decreased breathe sounds- with possible friction rub from infection causing pus in pleural space

Dullness to percussion

Absent tactile fremitus

Lung abscess is most commonly caused by?

Aspiration of food or infected material

What is usually circumscribed fluid containing cavity with an air-fluid interface

Lung abscess

A lung abscess is usually _______ when caused by aspiration

Unilateral

What kind of percussion, breath sounds may be found with lung abscess

Dull percussion or cavernous

Decreased breath sounds

Why could you have cavernous percussion with a lung abscess

The cavity of pus collected at the bottom with the air at the top of it, so you hit the air pocket and that creates the cavernous sound

What is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma?

Pneumonia

What is parenchyma

The functional tissue of the organ

What is an inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent

Pneumonia

What is a big symptom with pneumonia

Right lower lobe infection causes right lower quadrant pain

What type of percussion, fremitis and_____ with be found with pneumonia

Dullness percussion

Increased fremitus

Vocal resonance

What is vocal resonance with pneumonia

Can hear the voice on auscultation over are of infection

What is a viral infection of the lung with interstitial inflammation and necrosis?

Influenza

Findings of influenza

Crackles

Wheezes

Rhonchi

Tachypnea

Influenza makes you more susceptible to?

Secondary bacterial infections

Viral infection causes by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

COVID-19

COVID-19 is transmitted how

Respiratory secretion even before symptomatic

Findings of COVID-19

Crackles

Wheezing

Rhonchi

Tachypnea

Big symptoms of COVID-19

Loss of sense of smell and taste

Chronic infections disease that most often begins in the lung but may have then widespread manifestations

Tubercuolosis

How is tuberculosis spread?

Coughing and sneezing

Tuberculosis may do what

Spread locally or throughout the body

TRUE or FALSE

Tuberculosis is asymptomatic in the latent period

TRUE

What are the 3 types of tuberculosis

Latent infection

Cavitary tuberculosis

Miliary tuberculosis

What is the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

What causes pneumothorax

Trauma or spontaneous rupture of a bleb (blister or bubble)

What is increasing pressure in pleural space

Tension pneumothorax

At first pneumothorax is________ then what may occur

First asymptomatic

Dyspnea and chest pain may occur

What are found on examination with pneumothorax

Hyperresonant percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

Decreased breath sound

What is the pretense of blood in the pleural cavity

Hemothorax

What may cause hemothroax

Trauma

Medical procedures

What is the mix of air and plod in the pleural cavity

Hemopneumothorax

What are the findings for hemothorax

Decreased breath sounds

Dull percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

What are some things that could result from hemothorax

Tachycardia and hypotension possible from loss of lots of blood

Lung cancer generally refers to?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What is a malignant tumor that evolves from bronchial epithelial structures

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What are common causes of lung cancer

Tobacco

Radon

Asbestos

Radiation

Symptoms of lung cancer

Weight loss

Fever

Night sweats

Lung cancer may develop what?

Pneumonia and pleural effusion

If lung cancer is large enough, what things could you find on examination

Decreased breath sounds

Dull percussion

Increased tactile fremitus

What is an embolic occlusions of the pulmonary arteries from dislodged thrombosis from deep veins of the legs

Pulmonary embolism

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism

Pleuritic chest pain

Fever

Hypoxia

Tachycardia

What is pleuritic chest pain

Every breath hurts

What are the 2 tests used to diagnose a pulmonary embolism

Wells PE Prediction Rule

D-dimer test

What is a D-dimer test

Test for protein fragment form blood clot formation and break down

What is a score of less than 2 on Wells PE prediction

Low risk of pulmonary embolism (<7%)

What is a score of 2-6 on the Wells PE prediction

Intermediate risk of pulmonary embolism

What is a score greater than 6 on Wells PE prediction rule

High risk of pulmonary embolism (>45%)

What is lung disease and heart failure occurring at the same time

Cor pulmonale

What is an acute or chronic condition involving right sided heart failure

Cor pulmonale

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema

Cardiogenic

-heart failure leading to back up of circulation in lungs

What are some non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Upper airway obstruction

Altitude sickness

Neurogenic

Lung transplant

Capillary leak syndrome

What are the different categories of causes for pulmonary edeam

Cardiogenic

Non-Cardiogenic

Fluid in airways

What are symptoms with pulmonary edema from the cause of fluid being in the airways

Pink frothy sputum

Dyspnea

Tachypnea

Hypoxemia

What are findings with fluid in the airways with pulmonary edema

Crackles (bilateral, lower lobe crackles)

What is an acute LIFE THREATENING INFECTION

Epiglottis

Big symptom of epiglottis

Difficultly swallowing leading to DROOLING

What is the name for croup

laryngotracheal bronchitis

Croup is a _______ infection most often in what age?

Viral

Children age 1.5-3 yrs

Upper respiratory symptoms of croup

Mild fever

Harsh barking cough

Labored breathing

Retractions

Hoarseness

Stridor

Dr. Rowel had what disease growing up?

Croup

What is something that is interesting to know about croup

Self limiting and can be treated at home with cold or moist air

What is the result of imperfectly structures diaphragm

Diaphragmatic hernia

Diaphragmatic hernia most often occur on what side

Left side

Diaphragmatic hernia may lead to?

Severe respiratory distress

What is the big finding with a diaphragmatic hernia

Bowel sounds heard in the chest

What an autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands

Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Clogged bronchi

Malabsorption

Poor weight gain

A patient with cycstic fibrosis develops?

A barrel chest

What is a lack of rigidity or floppiness of the trachea or airway

Tracheomalacia