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Tests for anions, aqueous cations, gases and flame tests for metal ions
carbonate
test: add dilute acid
test result: effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
chloride
test: acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate
test result: white ppt.
bromide
test: acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate
test result: cream ppt.
nitrate
test: add aqueous sodium hydroxide, them aluminium foil; warm carefully
test result: ammonia produced
sulfate
test: acidify, then add aqueous barium nitrate
test result: white ppt.
ammonium
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: ammonia produced in warming
effect of aqueous ammonia: -
calcium
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: white ppt., insoluble in excess
effect of aqueous ammonia: no ppt. or very slightly white ppt.
copper (II) - aqueous cation
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: light blue ppt., insoluble in excess
effect of aqueous ammonia: light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a dark blue solution
iron (II)
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: green ppt., insoluble in excess
effect of aqueous ammonia: green ppt., insoluble in excess
iron (III)
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
effect of aqueous ammonia: red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc
effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a colourless solution
effect of aqueous ammonia: white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a colourless solution
ammonia
test and test result: turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide
test and test result: turns limewater milky
chlorine
test and test result: bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen
test and test result: ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen
relights a glowing splint
lithium
red flame
sodium
yellow flame
potassium
lilac flame
copper (II) - metal ion
blue-green flame
Note 
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