Plants and Humans Final Study Guide

Chapters 11-15

Climate change

All the effects associated with he rise in greenhouse gases.

Global Warming

Increase in global atmospheric temperature due to greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse Effect

Natural warming of the planet that allows life to exist.

Green House Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere (carbon Dioxide, methane, water-vapor) .

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Unnatural warming of the planet due to increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activity.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

a. Metabolism (cellular respiration)

b. Deforestation

c. Burning of fossil fuels.

Methane

a.metabolism

b.Anaerobic decay of manure.

Natural Sources of Greenhouse gases

1. Decay of Vegetation

2. Respiration of certain bacteria

3. Thawing of Perma frost.

Greenhouse has Emissions by sector

1.Transportation

2.Electricity generation

3.Industry/ manufacturing

4. Residential and Commercial

5.Agriculture

Effects of Climate Change

1. Greater warming at the poles

2. higher global temperatures

3. more precipitation

4. glaciers melting

5. sea level rise

6. more acidic oceans

7. longer growing season

8. pests’ expanded ranges

Carbon Dioxide Removal methods

• photosynthesis

  • 6CO2+6H20+sunlight———→ C6H1206 + 602

  • Carbon capture and storage

How to combat climate change

1. Using less fossil suels

2. use less energy

3. Green Building techniques

4. 3 R’s reduce, reuse, recycle.

5. use biofuels

How has agriculture changed the planet?

• more essential

• industrialized

• more technologically advanced

• grows the economy

• changes ecosystems

• promotes scenery

What are the effects of Early Agriculture

1. development of cities

2. writing systems

3. development of science and math

4. war

5. expeditions

Different types of Modern Agriculture

1. Traditional farms- diff. sizes of farms, could have different crops on one farm divided into plots.

2. Tree Farms- trees of one or few species

3. Orchards- fruit and nut trees

4. Ranches- graze land for cattle/livestock

5. Hydroponic farming- soilless farming

6. Organic farming- no synthetic chemicals are used in the process

7. Conventional Farming- synthetic chemicals are used in the process.

What is the Agricultural Process?

Step 1: Prepare the land- choose the land you want to use, plow the land, and have a good water supply.

Step 2: Tend to the crops- Choosing your crop, the distance between them, weed control, pest control, and pruning

Step 3: Harvesting Crops- Crops that are hard and dry at maturity (wheat), Crops that are underground (potatoes), Crops that are soft to the touch (Strawberries)

Step 4: Caring for the land between growing season- plowing/overturning the soil, Burning the fields (pests), planting a cover crop, and letting the field lie fallow.

Domestication

Form of artificial selection

• Develop modern varieties from wild relatives

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

organisms whose DNA has been changed used (DNA) technology

Transgenic organisms

organisms with DNA from a different species

Ways to reduce the impact of agriculture on the Environment.

• increase organic farming

• plant diversity (avoid monocultures)

• plant native species around farms

• use less space

• whole plant use

• organic, slow-release fertilizers

• Plant a cover crop

• reduce plowing

• land reclamation

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide ———> glucose, fructose

• Disaccharide ————> sucrose

• Polysaccharide ———> starch, glycogen

Cellulose

• Component of the plant cell wall

The grass family

Oats, wheat, rice, sorghum, rye, millet, barley, corn, whole grain (bran, germ, endosperm)

Wheat

• Durum Wheat ——> pasta

• Bread Wheat ———> baked goods

Rice

• Asia (china)- Oryza Sativa

• Africa (west)- Oryza Glaberrima

Oats

Lowers cholesterol, source of protein and healthy lipids.

Barley

• Soups, stems, cereals, livestock feed

Rye

• Crackers, breads

• grown in areas too cold for wheat

• can be a cover crop

Corn

• Many uses (popcorn, chips, corn flour, oil, biofuel, animal feed)

• Necessary fro humans to be involved with the growth process

Starchers

potato

yams

sweet potatoes

Sugars

sugarcane

sugar beets

honey

proteins

soybean

peanuts

chickpeas/ garbanzo beans

alfalfa

Oils and Flats

beans, avocado, nuts, (walnuts, almonds, etc.) coconuts

flavored oils, non-flavored oils

Fat-Soluble vitamins

vitamins A, D, E, K

Water-Soluble vitamins

Vitamins B and C

Citrus Family

Vitamin C

Rose Family

Apples, peaches, blackberries (anthocyanins)

Potato Family

Tomatoes, chili peppers, eggplant

Cucurbit Family

Butternut squash, pumpkins

Grape Family

Red Grapes

Cabbage Family

dark green, leafy vegetables

Carrot Family

Carrots, Celery

What are herbs?

Leaves

What are Spices?

other parts of the plant like bark or seed.

Mint Family

Basil, Oregano, rosemary

Carrot Family

Dill, cumin, cilantro

Mustard family

Horseradish, wasabi

Potato Family

Chilli Peppers

Pepper Family

Peppercorns

Ginger Family

Tumeric, Cardamom

Vanilla

Vanilla Planifolia

Vanillin

Native to Mexico

Capsicum (peppers)

Tropical Americas, Bell peppers, Jalapeño peppers, chili peppers, gives burning sensation

Cinnamon

True Cinnamon, Native to Sri Lanka, Soft flavor

Cassia

Fake cinnamon flavor found in desserts.

Depressing Beverages

Ethanol/ Ethyl Alcohol (can be consumed), Isopropanol/Isopropyl Alcohol (rubbing alcohol), Methanol/ Methyl Alcohol (wood Alcohol).

Beer

fermented starch-rice grains

Sake

Fermented rice

Wine

Fermented fruit juices, typically grapes (Vitis Vinifera)

Spirits

Highest amount of ethanol, Rum Tequila, whiskey, vodka.

Tobacco

Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum

Marijuana

Leafy herb Cannabis Sativa

Opium Poppy

papaver Somniferum

Peyote

Lophophore Williamsii

Medicinal Plants

Aloe Vera, Willow Tree bark, Periwinkle, Cinchona trees, Purple Foxglove,Taxol, Shikimic Acid, Metformin.

What is not a medicinal plant?

Psychedelic Mushrooms