CPR and Electrocardiogram Review

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and steps related to CPR and electrocardiograms, as discussed in the professor's lecture.

What does CPR stand for?

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

What are the primary aspects of CPR known as the ABC's?

Airway, Breathing, Circulation

What significant change did the AHA implement in 2010 for CPR guidelines?

The order was changed from ABC to CAB, emphasizing chest compressions first.

What is the recommended compression-ventilation ratio for CPR by a single rescuer?

30 chest compressions to 2 ventilations.

How many compressions should be given per minute during CPR?

100 compressions per minute.

What is cardiac arrest?

A sudden cessation of functional ventilation and circulation.

What are the symptoms of cardiac arrest?

Absence of pulse, apnea, and dilated pupils.

How long can the brain survive without oxygen?

4 to 6 minutes.

What should you do if you find someone unresponsive?

Check for breathing and pulse, then call for help.

What is the first step in adult CPR?

Establish unresponsiveness and check for breathing.

What should you do to position the patient for CPR?

Lay the patient on their back on a flat, hard surface.

What personal protective equipment is recommended during CPR?

Wear gloves.

Where should the heel of the hand be placed for chest compressions?

On the midline of the sternum directly above the xiphoid process.

What depth should chest compressions reach in adults?

About 2 inches deep.

How should the airway be opened during CPR?

Tilt the head back gently.

What is the normal range of time to check for breathing?

No more than 10 seconds.

What is the purpose of rescue breathing?

To provide oxygen to the lungs if the patient is not breathing.

How should the nostrils be managed during rescue breathing?

Pinch the victim’s nostrils shut.

How long should each rescue breath last?

1 second each.

What to do after 5 cycles of chest compressions and ventilations in CPR?

Reassess the patient's condition.

What are possible complications of CPR?

Rib fractures, pneumothorax, fractured sternum, fat emboli, lacerated liver, and spleen.

In two-person CPR, what are the roles of each rescuer?

One does compressions while the other maintains the airway and provides breathing.

What is a pneumothorax?

A collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing lung collapse.

What is infant CPR different in terms of hand placement?

Use two fingers instead of the palm/heel of the hand.

What is the recommended depth of compressions for infants?

About ½ to 1 inch.

What does DNR stand for?

Do Not Resuscitate.

What does DNI stand for?

Do Not Intubate.

What is a Health Care Proxy?

A legal document designating someone to make medical decisions for you.

How does an electrocardiogram (ECG) work?

It measures the heart’s electrical signals with electrodes on the skin.

What do the spikes and dips in an ECG represent?

They are called waves corresponding to heart electrical activity.

What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

Electrical activity in the atria (depolarization).

What does the QRS complex in an ECG signify?

Electrical activity in the ventricles (depolarization).

What does the T wave in an ECG indicate?

Electrical recovery or repolarization of the ventricles.

How many electrodes are typically used for a comprehensive ECG?

10 electrodes (6 on the chest and 4 on limbs).

What can a physician assess using an ECG?

Heart rhythm, blood flow to the heart, heart abnormalities.

What is Ischemia?

Poor blood flow to the heart muscle.

What does AED stand for?

Automated External Defibrillator.

What does CPR stand for? (repeat for emphasis)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

What is the role of the emergency response team in a medical institution?

To respond quickly when a code is called.

How should you assess the effectiveness of rescue breaths?

Observe if the chest rises and falls.

What is the first action to take if a patient is unresponsive and not breathing?

Call for help and begin CPR if no pulse is found.

What is the purpose of having a DNR order?

To communicate a patient's wishes against resuscitation.

What is a bolus injection?

A single, large dose of medication delivered quickly.

Define apnea.

Absence of breathing.

What is extravasation in a medical context?

Leakage of fluid out of its container, such as IV fluids from a vein.

What does the medical term 'ventilation' refer to?

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

What is a tourniquet used for?

To stop blood flow, typically in emergencies.

Bolus Injection:

A single, large dose of medication given rapidly, usually intravenously, to quickly achieve therapeutic levels.

Cardiac Arrest:

A medical emergency where the heart stops beating effectively, leading to a lack of blood flow to the body.

Extravasation:

The leakage of intravenous fluids into the surrounding tissue, which can cause swelling, pain, and tissue damage.

Fat Emboli:

Small fat droplets released into the bloodstream, often after trauma or surgery, which can cause blockage in blood vessels.

Infiltration:

The unintended flow of intravenous fluids into the surrounding tissue, often causing swelling and discomfort.

Infusion:

The process of delivering fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through an intravenous line.

Ischemia:

Insufficient blood flow to tissues, leading to oxygen deprivation and potential cell damage.

Pneumothorax:

A condition where air accumulates in the pleural space, causing lung collapse and difficulty breathing.

Tourniquet:

A device used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity to control bleeding, often used in emergency situations.

AED:

Automated External Defibrillator, a device that analyzes heart rhythms and delivers shocks to restore normal heart function.

DNI:

Do Not Intubate, a medical order indicating that a patient should not be subjected to intubation in the event of respiratory failure.