28/04 Lecture 25 - Endocrinology I

What is the normal blood glucose range?

3.5-3.6 and 3.5-8.0mmol/L

What is the normal sodium ion concentration range?

135-145mmol/L

What is the normal calcium ion concentration range?

2.2-2.6mmol/L

What is the normal potassium ion concentration range?

3.5-5.0mmol/L

What is the normal ECF osmolarity range?

275-300mosmol/L

Regulated variable

This is a variable that the homeostatic system senses and tries to keep stable

Set point

This refers to the target value for a particular regulated variable

Reference range

This refers to the values of the regulated variable within ‘normal’ physiological limits

Inter-individual variation

This refers to variations in set points between individuals

Intra-individual variation

This refers to variation in set points within an individual

Negative feedback

This is a response to a stimulus that moves the variable closer to the set point

Positive feedback

This is a response to a stimulus that moves the variable further from the set point

Physiological feed-forward

This is a physiological pre-emptive response to an expected stimulus

Behavioural feed-forward

This is a behavioural pre-emptive response to an expected stimulus

Local hormones

This refers to hormones that act on nearby cells or on the same cell that excreted them

Paracrine hormones

This refers to hormones that act on nearby cells and do not enter the bloodstream

Autocrine hormones

This refers to hormones that act on the cell which secreted them

Preprohormone

This refers to the primary hormone synthesis product that is biologically inactive

Prohormone

This refers to the secondary hormone synthesis product that is biologically inactive

Inactive fragment

This is a cleaved segment from a prohormone that is made during Golgi processing and excreted alongside the active hormone

G-protein coupled receptor

This is a transmembrane receptor protein coupled with a G-protein that transmits extracellular hormone signals into the cell

Catacholamines

This refers to amino acid derived hormones synthesised by the modification of tyrosine

Thyroid hormones

This refers to amino acid derived hormones synthesised by the thyroid membrane

Tryptophan derivatives

This refers to amino acid derived hormones synthesised by the modification of tryptophan

Peptide hormones

This refers to hormones created from amino acid chains 3-49 monomers in length

Protein hormones

This refers to hormones created from amino acid chains 50-200 monomers in length

Lipid derivatives

This refers to hormones derived from the modification of cholesterol

Steroid hormones

This refers to lipophilic chemical signal molecules that regulate various physiological and homeostatic functions

Thyroid hormone mitochondrial binding

This is used to alter the rate of energy production in the cell

Thyroid hormone nucleus binding

This is used to alter gene activation and protein production on the rER

Adenylate cyclase

This is an enzyme that converts ATP into the secondary messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A-kinase

This is an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from usually ATP to a substrate

Phosphodiesterase

This is a type of enzyme that breaks down cyclic nucleotides like cAMP