CLOSTRIDIUM

Microscopic morphology of C. perfringens

Gram-positive bacillus, spores not observed

Growth of C. perfringens on blood agar

Double-zone hemolysis

Lecithinase reaction of C. perfringens

Positive

Lipase reaction of C. perfringens

Negative

Motility of C. perfringens

Non-motile

Diseases caused by C. perfringens

Myonecrosis (gas gangrene), food poisoning

Toxins produced by C. perfringens

α-toxin, lecithinase, enterotoxin, hemolysins

Common cause of gas gangrene

C. perfringens

Medium for culturing C. perfringens

Blood agar (double-zone hemolysis)

Reverse CAMP reaction for C. perfringens

Positive

Lecithinase-positive Clostridium species

C. perfringens

Main neurotoxin in botulism

Botulinum toxin

Microscopic morphology of C. botulinum spores

Round, terminal (drumstick)

Common disease caused by C. botulinum

Botulism

Common food sources associated with botulism

Home-canned foods, honey (infants)

Spore appearance in C. botulinum

Drumstick shape, subterminal

Main symptom of botulism

Flaccid paralysis

Toxin identification test for C. botulinum

Toxin detection

Agent of tetanus

C. tetani

Neurotoxin produced by C. tetani

Tetanospasmin

Common symptom of tetanus

Lockjaw (trismus)

Spore morphology of C. tetani

Round, terminal (tennis racquet shape)

Common culture medium for C. tetani

Blood agar

Disease caused by C. difficile

Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis

Common symptom of C. difficile infection

Diarrhea

Main toxins produced by C. difficile

Toxins A and B

Spore morphology of C. difficile

Oval, subterminal

Culture appearance of C. difficile

Yellow colonies with ground-glass texture

Gelatinase reaction in Clostridium species

Positive in many Clostridium species

Antibiotic commonly linked to C. difficile infections

Clindamycin

Common flora location for C. difficile

Gastrointestinal tract

Preferred medium for C. difficile culture

Cycloserine-Cefoxitin Fructose Agar (CCFA)

Result of Nagler reaction for C. perfringens

Positive

Appearance of gas gangrene blisters

Fluid-filled (bullae)

Major virulence factor in gas gangrene

Alpha toxin (lecithinase)

Bacterium associated with spasmic paralysis

C. tetani

Laboratory method for identifying botulinum toxin

Toxin assay

Synonym for Welch’s bacillus

C. perfringens

Clostridium species linked to lumpy jaw

Actinomyces israeli

Common cause of infantile botulism

Honey consumption

Symptoms of infantile botulism

Floppy baby syndrome

Growth requirement for anaerobes

Absence of oxygen

Clostridium species with spore absent in cultures

C. perfringens

Clostridium species associated with food poisoning

C. perfringens

Key identification test for C. tetani spores

Gram stain with terminal spores

Spore morphology for C. perfringens

Subterminal, rarely seen

Typical motility in C. botulinum

Motile

Common treatment to prevent tetanus

DTaP vaccine

Agent of antibiotic-associated colitis

C. difficile

Test to confirm C. difficile toxin in stool

Toxin assay

C. botulinum toxin effect on muscles

Flaccid paralysis

Spore shape in C. tetani

Drumstick, tennis racquet, or lollipop shape

Antibiotic susceptibility agar for anaerobes

CNA and PEA agar

Reaction of C. perfringens in litmus milk

Acid with stormy clot

Common disease with risus sardonicus symptom

Tetanus

Double zone of hemolysis in Clostridium species

C. perfringens

C. botulinum toxin use in cosmetics

Botox

Common diagnostic method for C. difficile

Toxin detection in stool

Egg yolk agar used for Clostridium species

C. perfringens

Lecithinase-positive Clostridium on egg yolk agar

C. perfringens

Clostridium species cultured for food safety testing

C. botulinum

Clostridium species resistant to oxygen

Clostridium spp. (anaerobes)

Major symptom of tetanus

Muscle rigidity

Gram stain result for Clostridium spp.

Gram-positive

Common habitat for C. tetani spores

Soil

Agent of floppy baby syndrome

C. botulinum

Common environment for C. difficile spores

Healthcare facilities

Reversal of botulism symptoms

Antitoxin

Spastic paralysis linked to neurotoxin

Tetanospasmin

Typical anaerobic culture media

Thioglycolate broth

Bacteria exhibiting double zone hemolysis

C. perfringens

Clostridium associated with pseudomembranous colitis

C. difficile

Clostridium species associated with severe abdominal pain

C. perfringens

Lipase-positive Clostridium species

C. botulinum

Function of Tetanospasmin in C. tetani

Disrupts nerve impulses

Bacterium with yellow colonies on CCFA

C. difficile

Appearance of C. tetani spores

Drumstick, tennis racquet

Agent causing devil's grin in tetanus

C. tetani

Spores in C. botulinum

Oval, subterminal

Gram stain morphology for C. difficile

Gram-positive bacillus

Gram-positive, non-motile Clostridium species

C. perfringens

Disease prevention for C. tetani

Tetanus vaccination

Appearance of C. difficile colonies

Yellow halo on CCFA

Toxin type in C. difficile associated colitis

Cytotoxin (Toxin B)

Food safety concern with C. botulinum

Home-canned foods

Clostridium commonly cultured for toxin testing

C. botulinum

Nagler positive reaction indicates

Lecithinase presence in C. perfringens

Motility status of C. tetani

Motile

Common symptom of gas gangrene

Tissue necrosis

Common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

C. difficile

Biochemical characteristic of C. botulinum spores

Lipase positive

Clostridium species in exogenous infections

C. perfringens, C. botulinum

Main Clostridium neurotoxin

Tetanospasmin

Agent of gas gangrene in war wounds

C. perfringens

Bacterial spores resembling drumsticks

C. tetani

Clostridium causing floppy baby syndrome

C. botulinum

Gram reaction for anaerobes

Gram-positive

Bacterium causing lumpy jaw

Actinomyces israeli

Method for identifying enterotoxin in food poisoning

Toxin assay in C. perfringens

Media for anaerobic Clostridium culture

Blood agar