Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848 (copy)

Revolution of 1800

The election that marked the first peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans in the United States.

Thomas Jefferson

The Democratic-Republican candidate who became president after the Revolution of 1800.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's opponent in the election of 1800 who was tied in electoral votes but later lost.

Electoral College

A body that officially elects the president and vice president of the United States.

Judicial Review

The principle established by the Supreme Court that allows it to declare a law unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

A significant land acquisition made by Thomas Jefferson that doubled the size of the United States.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that shut down American imports and exports, leading to significant economic distress.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Legislation that reopened trade with both France and England but imposed consequences if either country interfered.

War Hawks

Members of Congress who pushed for war against Britain in the lead-up to the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

The agreement that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees from their homeland to Oklahoma, resulting in the deaths of thousands.

Nullification

The doctrine that allowed states to reject federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

Tariff of Abominations

A controversial tariff passed in 1828 that led to sectional tensions and discussions of nullification.

Jacksonian Democracy

A political philosophy that espoused greater democracy for the common man as promoted by Andrew Jackson.

Five Civilized Tribes

Native American nations that adopted various cultural and agricultural practices to coexist with European settlers.

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 1800s emphasizing women’s roles in the home.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival in the early 19th century that significantly influenced social reform movements, including abolition.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery in the United States, gaining significant momentum in the 1830s.

Whig Party

A political party formed in opposition to the Democratic Party, advocating for government activism.

Panic of 1837

An economic crisis that occurred shortly after Martin Van Buren took office, leading to a severe recession.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining sectional balance.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Essex Junto

A group of New England Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase and attempted to secede from the Union.

Federalists

A political party that favored a strong national government and was dominant in the early years of the United States.

Democratic-Republicans

The political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and others, which advocated for states' rights and an agrarian society.

James Madison

The fourth President of the United States who led the nation during the War of 1812.

John Quincy Adams

Son of John Adams and the sixth President of the United States; he played a prominent role in early American foreign policy.

Henry Clay's American System

A plan to strengthen and unify the nation’s economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Olive Branch Petition

A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, signaling the colonists' desire for peace.

Compromise of 1850

A package of five separate bills passed by Congress to defuse sectional tensions related to slavery.