Chapter 13 - Properties of Solutions

Gen Chem II (Lecture)

dissolution

solute + solvent —→ solution

crystallization

solution —→ solute + solvent

saturated solution

have the amount of solute dissolved

unsaturated solutions

have any amount of solute less than the maximum amount dissolved in solution

supersaturated solutions

the solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature

solubility

the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature

miscible liquid

mix in all proportions

immiscible liquid

do not mix in one another

higher pressure = ______ solubility (gases)

higher

Henry’s Law

S_g = K P_g

S_g = solubility of the gas in solvent (molarity)

P_g = partial pressure of the gas over the solution

K = solubility constant (varies)

higher temperature = _______ solubility

lower

dilute

a solution with a relatively small concentration of solute

concentrated

a solution with a large concentration

mole fraction (X)

X = (moles of component) / (total moles of all components)

molarity

M = (mol of solute) / (L of solution)

molality

m = (mol of solute) / (kg of solvent)

molality is _______ of temperature

independent

molarity is ________ on temperature

dependent

colligative properties

depend only on the quantity of substance and not on the identity of the solute particles

higher concentration = ________ vapor pressure

lower

Raoult’s Law

P_solution = X_solvent P^o_solvent

ΔP = X_solvent P^o_solvent

boiling point elevation formula

ΔT_b = T_b(solution) - T_b(solvent) = iK_bm

freezing point depression formula

ΔT_f = T_f (solution) - T_f (solvent) = iK_fm

osmotic pressure formula

π = iMRT

crenation

red blood cells will shrivel up if stored in a hypertonic solution

hemolysis

red blood cells will swell and burst if stored in a hypotonic solution

colloids

suspension of particles larger than individual ions/molecules but too small to be settled out by gravity

Tyndall Effect

colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light