Anatomy I Midterm Review

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Sagittal

Body is split into left and right portions.

Define Homeostasis

The state of balance within all systems that are needed for the body to function properly.

What is the anatomical position?

Body upright, facing forward, hands at sides with the palms of the hands facing forward.

Define Anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts.

Define Physiology

The study of the function of body parts.

Place the following from simplest to most complex: molecules, atoms, tissues, cells, organs.

Atom, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs.

Describe Cardiac Muscle and give an example.

Branched out, has striations and intercalated discs and is found in the heart.

Describe Skeletal Muscle and give an example.

Has striations but NO intercalated discs and is found on bones via tendons.

Describe Smooth Muscle and give an example.

Has NO striations and is found in the liver, pancreas, and intestines.

Transverse

Body split into top and bottom halves.

Oblique

Body split at an angle.

What is an atom?

The most basic particle of chemical elements.

What is a nucleic acid?

Composed of C,H,O,N,P present in living cells like DNA or RNA and consist a long, linked chain of nucleotides.

What are the four elements that make up 96% of your body weight?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

What is a nucleotide?

Composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Define apoptosis.

Process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Atomic number

Number of protons in the nucleus.

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons.

Which tissue has polarity?

Epithelial tissue.

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Which type of chemical bond is formed when a cation interacts with an anion?

An ionic bond is formed when a cation interacts with an anion.

How are epithelial tissues named?

Based on their number of layers (simple/stratified) and their shape (cuboidal, columnar, etc.).

Define Ionic Bond.

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions.

Define Polar-Covalent.

A type of covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared, creating partial positive or negative charges.

Define Hydrogen Bonds.

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom, bound to an electronegative atom, and another electronegative atom.

What are the shells of an atom?

Energy levels around the nucleus where electrons are located.

Describe carbohydrates.

A large group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose, containing hydrogen and oxygen and used as structural materials and for energy storage within living tissues.

What is the most abundant protein in your body?

Collagen.

What is the basic structural material of your body?

Proteins.

What is polarity?

Refers to tissues having a top and bottom.

What are the four main tissue categories?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Atomic Weight

Average of mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom.

Catabolism vs Anabolism

Catabolism - the process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy vs Anabolism is the process of synthesizing larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy input.

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break down others. All living things have enzymes. Our bodies naturally produce enzymes.

What is the normal pH of the body?

7.35-7.45.

Which types of molecules release hydrogen ions when they are in water?

Acids.

What is an acid?

An acid is a substance that can release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water or donate protons.

What is a base?

A Base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions or donate hydroxide ions (OH) in a chemical reaction.

What is an isotope?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. They share almost the same chemical properties, but differ in mass and physical properties.

Define an exchange reaction.

A type of chemical reaction where atoms or groups of atoms are exchanged between two or more reactants.

What does the formula C8H16O2 mean?

8 carbon, 16 hydrogen, 2 oxygen.

In DNA Adenine pairs with _____ and Guanine pairs with ______. What changes in RNA?

Thymine, Cytosine. Thymine is replaced with Uracil in RNA.

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of all living organisms and tissues of the body.

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

They allow cell communication, transportation, and adhere adjacent cells to each other.

What is connective tissue extracellular matrix composed of?

Ground substance, collagen and elastic fibers, and extracellular fluid.

Structure/function of simple squamous.

A flattened single layer cell: allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through.

What is the function of receptor on the outside of the cell membrane?

To limit what can cross the membrane to gain access to the inside of the cell or determine what gets out of the cell.

Structure/function of Simple columnar.

A single layer of column like cells: secretion, excretion and absorption.

Structure/function of Stratified squamous epithelium.

Multiple layers of square like cells: provides protection against stress, abrasion, and pathogens.

What is unique about pseudo-stratified epithelium?

The cell nuclei are found at different levels, so it appears stratified, though it is not.

Structure/function of Stratified columnar.

Multiple layers of columnar like cells: helps protect but also secrete substances such as mucus.

What is tissue matrix?

The complex network of proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers that surround and support cells. Non-living.

Tendon

Moves the bone or structure.

Cartilage

Rubbery ground substance. Avascular.

Bone

Stone-like ground substance. Vascular.

Another name for Osseous tissue?

Bone.

Ligaments

Attaches bone to bone.

Structure/Function of Stratified cuboidal.

Multiple layers of cubed like cell: protection, secretion, and absorption of glands.

Define peroxisome.

Small, membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes involved in different metabolic reactions (ex. Breakdown of fatty acids).

Define nucleolus.

A spherical organelle in the nucleus of a cell that produces ribosomes.

Define lysosome.

Contains chemicals called enzymes that break down wastes.

Define ribosomes.

Tiny structures that produce new proteins from the cell.

Define golgi apparatus.

Takes materials from the ER and packages it to be sent around the cell.

Define cilia.

Small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells.

Dorsal

On the back.

Example of negative feedback.

Body temp, blood glucose.

Define negative feedback.

Responses move in opposite directions from change. Reduces the change resulting in a reaction that brings the body back into a stable state.

Define plasma membrane.

A thin, protective covering around the cell.

Define cytosol.

The fluid present in the cell and is a constituent of the cytoplasm.

Define nucleus.

DNA containing control center.

Example of positive feedback.

Birth, blood clotting.

Define osmosis.

Movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane.

Explain how the pH scale works. What has to happen for something to become acidic vs basic?

The pH scale is used to rank how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale of 0-14. pH measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

The more H+ ions = more acidic water. The fewer H+ ions = more basic water.

What is the pH scale?

Measures how acidic or basic water can be.

Reticular

A connective tissue fiber that is thin, delicate, branching fibers that form delicate mesh-like framework that gives structure and support. Found in soft organs like the liver and spleen.

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Lipids and Proteins.

Structure/function of simple cuboidal.

A cubed like single layer cell: absorption and secretion of substances like water and salt in the kidneys and hormones and other substances.

Describe lipids.

Lipids are fats and oils that are soluble inorganic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

What are electrolytes?

A body fluid that contains minerals in your blood and carries an electric charge.

Elastic

A connective tissue fiber that is long, thin, stretchy fibers that are made out of elastin and can stretch and recoil like a rubber band. Found in the skin.

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

Monosaccharide.

Anterior

Near the front.

Posterior

Near the back.

Superior

Above.

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment.

Distal

Further away from point of attachment.

Thoracic cavity

The middle section of your spine.

Medial

Toward midline.

Lateral

Side of body.

Gluteal

Relating to the gluteus muscles, muscles in the buttocks.

Lumbar

The lower region of the spinal column or backbone.

Pelvic

The lower part of the trunk between the abdomen and thighs.

Cephalic

Region of the head.

Inferior

Below.

Collagen

A connective tissue fiber that is long, straight, tough and strong yet flexible to resist tearing and snapping. Found in tendons and ligaments.

Define active transport.

Moves solutes against their concentration gradient.

Define passive transport.

Collisions between molecules in areas of high concentration cause them to be scattered into areas with less concentration.