Biology Final Flashcards

What is the byproduct of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is ADP also known as?

An empty car battery that is ready to be recharged by ATP synthase.

What are light reactions?

Chemical reactions that bring sunlight into the leaf and transform it into usable energy.

What is NADPH?

A fully charged battery from electrons.

What do thylakoids look like?

Green discs inside of a chloroplast.

What is Photosystem II?

The first part in photosynthesis, despite being called 'II'.

What is NADP+?

An empty battery to be charged by electrons.

What is stroma?

The empty or jelly-like space inside of a chloroplast.

What organelle in plant cells is primarily responsible for converting sunlight to energy?

Chloroplast.

What are stomata?

Tiny holes in the leaves of the plant for gas exchange.

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food.

What does dehydration mean?

Remove water.

What are starting materials of dehydration synthesis?

Monomers.

What do all macromolecules contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

What is the product of dehydration reactions?

Polymers.

In a polymer with 8 monomers, how many waters were removed?

Which element is not part of a protein?

Phosphorus.

What is the building block of lipids?

Fatty acid.

What is a monosaccharide?

A basic unit of a carbohydrate.

What type of molecules do enzymes speed up?

Chemical reactions.

What are polysaccharides?

Carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide units.

What type of bond connects amino acids?

Peptide bond.

What do lipids consist of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

What is facilitated diffusion?

The type of cell transport in which large molecules move across the membrane with help from proteins.

What is osmosis?

The movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane.

What will happen to a goldfish placed in salt water?

It would lose water from its cells.

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with more solutes outside the cell than inside.

What is the process of moving substances across the cell membrane that require energy called?

Active transport.

What molecules are recycled in the ATP-ADP Cycle?

ADP.

What do cells release during cellular respiration?

ATP.

How many ATP does fermentation yield per glucose?

What is glycolysis?

The first stage of both anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.

What is the final product of photosynthesis?

Glucose.

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast.

What is the main product of cellular respiration?

ATP.

What do photosystems do?

Absorb light energy using pigments and proteins.

What is the energy source for light-dependent reactions?

Sunlight.

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

To make NADPH and ATP for the light-independent reactions.

What is the role of ATP?

To transfer energy in cells.

What happens to ATP when it releases energy?

It becomes ADP.

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6.

What does anaerobic mean?

Does not require oxygen.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Stores genetic information.

What are the subunits of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What occurs during cytokinesis?

The splitting of the cytoplasm to form daughter cells.

What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To ensure everything is okay to move forward.

What phase are chromosomes pulled apart?

Anaphase.

What is the structure of proteins?

Composed of amino acids.

What is the atomic number for Carbon?

Which of the following are examples of the function of carbohydrates?

Fast energy.

What do we call the basic unit of heredity stored in nucleic acids?

Genes.

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group.

What are negative feedback loops?

Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis by reducing the original stimulus.