Biology Final Flashcards

What is the byproduct of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ADP also known as an empty car battery that is ready to be recharged by ATP synthase(much larger storage and contains 2 phosphates) light reactions the chemical reactions that bring sunlight into the leaf and transform it into usable energy(photosystem II and photosystem I) NADPH Fully charged battery from electrons thylakoid one green disc inside of a chloroplast Photosystem II even though it comes first, this side is called II(two) NADP+ Empty battery to be charged by electrons stroma empty space or jelly-like space inside of a chloroplast Which organelle from the plant cell is primarily responsible for converting sunlight to energy? Chloroplast stomata tiny holes in the leaves of the plant where gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit What is the name for an organism that makes its own food? autotroph What does the word dehydration mean? remove water What are the starting materials of dehydration syntheses? monomers ALL Macromolecules contain... Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen What is the product of dehydration reactions? polymers In a polymer with 8 monomers, how many waters were removed? 7 What element is not part of a protein? P Which macromolecule is pictured? Lipid Which macromolecule is pictured? Lipid Which macromolecule is pictured? Protein Which macromolecule is pictured? Nucleic Acids Which macromolecule is pictured? Protein This is the type of atom found in all living things. carbon Which macromolecule doesn't dissolve in water lipids A(n) __________ is a basic unit of a carbohydrate monosaccharide Enzymes carry out many reactions in the body. Enzymes are an example of ... proteins Building Blocks of Lipids fatty acid a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together polysaccharide Building blocks of protein amino acid Bonds that connect amino acids. peptide What macromolecule is shown in the image? Carbohydrate Lipids contain the following elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Which of the following are examples of the function of proteins? speeding up chemical reactions in the body Which of the following are examples of the function of lipids? Long-term storage of energy and cell membrane structure What is this that makes up the plasma membrane? A phospholipid Which direction will water move through osmosis? Water will move INTO the cell Which side of this image is the hypertonic side? The inside of the cell is a hypertonic solution Which way will water move by osmosis? Water will move INTO the cell Which direction will water move through osmosis? Water will move OUT of the cell If I put my goldfish (a freshwater fish) in the ocean (salt water), what would happen? My goldfish would lose water from it's cells solute the substance you are dissolving isotonic having an EQUAL concentration of solute/ solution Where do the light dependent reactions take place? Thylakoid Membrane Where do the light independent reactions take place? Stroma What is the ultimate ORIGINAL source of energy for living things? SUN What molecule is represented by C6H12O6? glucose What is an example of a HETEROTROPH? animals and humans Which of the following DOES enter the light-dependent reactions? ADP Which of the following does NOT enter the light-dependent reactions? NADPH What is a photosystem? Pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane that absorb light energy What is the role of sunlight's energy in the light-dependent reactions? To excite electrons to higher energy levels What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions? To make NADPH and ATP for the light-independent reactions What is chemiosmosis? The process of H+ ions flowing back out of the thylakoid space through ATP synthase to make ATP What is the energy lost by electrons in the ETC used for? To pump H+ ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration and charge gradient chlorophyll a pigment that absorbs sunlight and gives plants their green color. Which substance is a product of fermentation in human muscle cells? lactic acid Oxygen serves as a hydrogen acceptor during aerobic respiration. This results in the production of water Lactic Acid Respiration Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as muscle cells in the absence of oxygen Fermentation When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm Another name for the Kreb cycle is citric acid cycle What are electrons in the outermost orbital called? valence electrons Bonds form because atoms are seeking... stability Non-metal elements bond with ____ elements to create a covalent bond. non-metal If an element has the same number of protons and electrons, what charge will it have? neutral An elements outermost orbital can hold no more than electrons. 8 Lactase is the _ that digests lactose ____ Enzyme, substrate Digestion is an reaction Exothermic A 6 amino acid protein requires _ water molecules to break via hydrolysis. 5 Breaking a polymer into monomers is what chemical reaction? Hydrolysis How many bonds does carbon like to form? 4 Water's high specific heat is due to Hydrogen bonds Sodium and Chloride form what kind of bonds in NaCl? Ionic Eukaryotes Can have chloroplasts Which is NOT function of proteins? Long-term energy Which is NOT a characteristic of life? Uses water Homeostasis is... An organism's ability to maintain internal conditions despite external conditions In an experiment testing light color on plant growth, a constant would be.... Type of plant The independent variable is usually on the... x-axis What is the overall goal of cellular respiration to produce ATP Mitochondria Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration Homeostasis in the human body is often maintained by a: Negative feedback loop In a positive feedback loop, how does the response affect the original stimulus? It increases the stimulus. The maintenance of an organism's internal environment is called Homeostasis When you are cold, you shiver and your blood vessels contract, which warms you up. When you are hot, you sweat and your blood vessels expand, which cools you down. Negative feedback loop When your blood contains too much sugar, your brain sends a signal to your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin causes the sugar in your blood to enter cells, which lowers the blood sugar levels back to a normal range. Negative feedback loop Molecules NATURALLY like to move from _______ to _______ concentration. High to Low Active transport Movement of substances across the cell membrane that require extra energy. Define Passive transport When substances move across the membrane without using extra energy (naturally happens). What is Osmosis The movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane. Which of the following is NOT true for facilitated transport? Molecules move directly through cell membrane(wiggle through) What would be a likely bodily response if you were too cold? begin shivering Facilitated diffusion The type of cell transport in which large molecules (like glucose) move across the membrane with help from proteins. What is Simple Diffusion The type of cell transport in which molecules wiggle their way through the cell membrane. Concentration gradient A difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane compared to the other side. negative Body temperature regulation is an example of a ______________ loop Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? child birth Positive Feedback Loop A feedback loop that increases the response with each incoming signal from the body. It amplifies a response. One example is labor and delivery of a baby. positive Labor during pregnancy is an example of a ____________ feedback loop Which of the following is true about a positive feedback loop? It moves away from equilibrium Body temperature control, or thermoregulation, is an example of: A negative feedback loop Negative Feedback Loop A feedback loop that constantly adjusts settings in the body to maintain an equilibrium level.(for example an equilibrium level of blood glucose, temperature, Ca++, etc.) A ripe apple releases a gas called ethylene. Ethylene gas causes unripe apples around the ripe apple to ripen faster. The newly ripened apples release even more ethylene gas, so all the fruit in one area quickly becomes Positive feedback loop Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place Cellular Respiration The process of breaking glucose down to release energy Where will sugar move? No Movement (at equilibrium) The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide This is when you add water to split a polymer into monomers hydrolysis Which of the following is another name for complex carbohydrates? Polysaccharide What is the function of a carbohydrate? Short term energy storage Selectively permeable The term to describe a cell membrane that allows some substances to pass, but not others Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? nucleus Moving large molecules into the cell endocytosis What do osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion have in common? They are all a type of passive transport Isotonic is when there are equal solutes outside and inside the cell Hypotonic is when there are less solutes outside the cell than inside Moving with the concentration grading is moving from a high concentration to a low concentration If simple diffusion occurred in the image below, where will the orange molecules move? To the RIGHT Hypertonic is when there are more solutes outside of the cell than inside Using proteins to move molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration is active transport Moving large molecules out of the cell exocytosis Active transport requires energy Going against the concentration gradient is moving from a low concentration to a high concentration Active transport can be used to transport molecules that are too ________ to cross the cell membrane large The movement of water osmosis Causes cells to swell hypotonic solution Ideal for blood cells isotonic solution Causes cells shrink hypertonic solution A cell will burst if placed in a hypotonic solution What two products from the light dependent reaction are needed for the Calvin cycle ATP & NADPH What is the chemical formula for glucose C6H12O6 What is the useable form of energy for the cell? ATP Which is not produced at some point during photosynthesis Sunlight Where does the light dependent reaction take place Thylakoid membrane In the graph, the reaction releases energy What is recycled in the ATP-ADP Cycle? ADP What is NOT recycled in the ATP-ADP Cycle? Phosphates ATP (function) a high energy molecule that transfers energy in cells This reaction pathway diagram shows endothermic What are the parts of the ATP molecule? adenine, ribose, phosphate groups Which bond of the ATP molecule is broken in order to release energy? C ATP (name) adenosine triphosphate ADP Adenosine Diphosphate--used Chemical energy (dead battery) This equation is an example of exothermic In a chemical reaction, ________ are what you have at the end Products ATP Adenosine Triphosphate--Chemical Energy (Charged battery) Which type of biological macromolecule stores the most chemical energy? Lipids Where does the light independent reaction (calvin cycle) take place Stroma What does ATP become after it is used for energy? ADP Which type of biological macromolecule is used most often for energy? Carbohydrates What causes the ADP to become ATP? When a phosphate is added using energy from the breakdown of food The first step of cellular respiration is Glycolysis What are the biproducts of the light-dependent reaction? ATP and NADPH What happens to ATP to cause it to release energy? A phosphate is removed Alcoholic Fermentation Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as yeast that use glycolysis to make 2 ATP and ethyl alcohol What type of respiration does not require oxygen anaerobic Using the figure, which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule? C and D Lactic Acid Respiration Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as muscle cells in the absence of oxygen What process of cellular respiration generates the most ATP Electron transport chain The second biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that produces most of the NADH2 and FADH2. kreb's cycle Fermentation yields _____ ATP per glucose 2 Cellular respiration that does not use oxygen. anaerobic The third biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that uses oxygen and produces 34 of the ATPs electron transport chaine The first biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that involves the “splitting” of sugar. glycolysis The sugar that is metabolized or broken down during cellular respiration. glucose ADP (name) adenosine diphosphate Cellular respiration that uses oxygen. aerobic Photosynthesis Chemical Equation carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -> glucose + oxygen The common name given to anaerobic respiration. fermentation ATP Adenosine triphosphate. Energy. Pyruvate 3 carbon sugar produced when glucose is split during glycolysis What is ATP used for? Chemical energy for all cellular processes enzyme A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing Cytokinesis The stage in which two identical daughter cells are formed. Photosynthesis Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food Nucleic Acids contain the following elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Lipids contain the following elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen ATP Cycle a cycle that converts ADP into ATP & ATP releases energy and turns into ADP Cytokinesis Splitting of the cytoplasm to form daughter cells when a cell divides. Glycolysis First stage of anaerobic AND anaerobic cellular respiration. Breaks glucose down into two pyruvic acid molecules, net gain of 2 ATP. Chloroplast Site in cell where photosynthesis takes place and contains chlorophyll Which type of bond shares electrons? covalent 2 or more different elements come together to form what? compound What is the function of nucleic acids? Stores genetic information What are the subunits of nucleic acids? Nucleotides What occurs during Metaphase? Chromosomes line up in the middle Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? Oxygen What three things are needed for a plant to do photosynthesis? CO2, Water, Sunlight Interphase The longest stage of the cell cycle in which the cell grows and develops. Which of the following are examples of the function of lipids? Long-term storage of energy and cell membrane structure Which of the following are monomers of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides C6H12O6 is glucose- this is the sugar molecule used to make ATP (energy) Electrons A negatively charged subatomic particle. An organism’s genetic information is stored in which type of macromolecule? nulceic acids Products of Photosynthesis Glucose (sugar) and oxygen Atoms The basic particle of an element. Each element has a slightly different atom. The center is positive and the exterior is negatively charged. what phase does this illustrate cytokinesis Amino Acids contain the following elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Chlorophyll pigment which absorbs light Metaphase Second phase of mitosis during which chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. The negative particle of the atom electron Triglycerides are made up of which of the following? glycerol and fatty acids tails What type of compound are enzymes? protein Chromosomes are made of? DNA Monomers come together to form... polymers Proton A positively charged subatomic particle. Which of the following are building blocks of nucleic acids? Phosphate group, Nitrogenous Bases, and Deoxyribose Which of the following are building units of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides products The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. Oils are which type of organic compound? lipids Anaphase Third phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Which is a characteristic of Lipids? They are nonpolar The molecule that carries energy throughout our bodies is ATP The organelle that carries out cellular respiration and is commonly called the “powerhouse” of the cell. mitochondrion catalyst substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Carbohydrates contain the following elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen What part of the cell cycle occurs immediately after mitosis? Cytokinesis What is the atomic number for Carbon (C) 6 Cell growth occur in... Interphase A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. Each daughter cell has ___chromosomes? 10 Neutrons A subatomic particle with no charge. Why do we have "checkpoints"? Checkpoints are present to make sure everything is okay to move forward S phase The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. Prophase First phase of mitosis during which chromatin condense into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. Which of the following are everyday example(s) of nucleic acids? RNA and DNA Interphase Stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares to divide. Spindle Fibers Pull sister chromatids apart and move them to opposite poles. Which of the following are everyday example(s) of carbohydrates? lactose and glucose What is the MAIN product of photosynthesis? Glucose what phase does this illustrate anaphase what phase does this illustrate telophase What occurs during Telophase? Nuclear membrane reforms, cells begin to form cleavage furrow, and chromosomes begin to unwind into chromatin What is the correct order mitosis goes through? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase What is the atomic number for Hydrogen (H) 1 Telophase Last stage of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, the spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Which of the following are everyday example(s) of proteins? lactase and polymerase G2 phase The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. What occurs during Prophase? The nuclear envelope starts to break down and chromosomes condense What is the result of the cell cycle? Two identical daughter cells Which of the following are examples of the function of proteins? Catalyzing chemical reactions and cell structure Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are elements in what biomolecule? Protein What are the 3 parts of nucleotide that make up DNA? sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group What occurs during Anaphase? Chromosomes are pulled apart glucose food made through the process of photosynthesis (sugar) Cell spends most of its time in.... Interphase What does the atomic number tell you about the atom? number of protons What are the building blocks of proteins? amino acids Which of the following are examples of the function of carbohydrates? Fast energy what phase does this picture illustrate. metaphase Which of these are subunits of lipids? Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation glucose + oxygen --->carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy) What are the elements in carbohydrates? 1C:2H:1O