Columbus State BIO 2300 Unit 1

Anatomy

the study of structure and form and their relationships to one another.

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines the body structures that cannot be observed by the naked eye.

Cytology

Study of single body cells and their internal structures.

Histology

Study of tissues examining how groups of specialized cells and their products function for a common purpose.

Gross Anatomy

"Macroscopic Anatomy" that examines the structures and relationships of large body parts visible to the naked eye.

5 Subdivisions of Gross Anatomy

1. Developmental Anatomy

2. Embryology

3. Surface Anatomy

4. Regional Anatomy

5. Systemic Anatomy

Anatomical Position

Body erect, face/eyes forward, upper limbs at side, palms forward, lower limbs parallel, feet/toes forward.

Sagittal

any vertical plane cutting the body into left and right.

Median/Midsagittal

A vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

Frontal/Coronal

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Transverse/Horizontal

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Bilateral

Occurring on both left and right sides.

Unilateral

Occurring on only one side of body.

Ipsilateral

Same side of body (same side comparison).

Contralateral

Opposite sides of the body.

Anterior

Back to front.

Posterior

Front to back.

Inferior

Head to feet .

Superior

Feet to head.

Lateral

Middle to outside.

Medial

Outside to inside middle.

Deep

Further from surface.

Superficial

Close to surface.

Proximal

Closer to beginning of limb or chosen point of reference.

Distal

Farther from the beginning of limb or chosen point of reference.

What are the four types of tissues?

1. Epithelium

2.Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nerve/Nervous

Definition of a tissue

Collection of similar cells & substance/material between them.

Serves a specific function.

3 types of Loose Connective Tissue

1. Areolar

2. Adipose

3. Reticular

3 types of Dense Connective Tissue

1. Regular

2. Irregular

3. Elastic

3 types of Cartilage

1. Hyaline

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Elastic

2 types of Bone

1. Compact

2. Spongy

2 types of Connective Tissue

1. Loose Connective Tissue

2. Dense Connective Tissue

1 type of Fluid Connective Tissue

1. Blood

3 types of Muscle

1. Skeletal Muscle

2. Cardiac Muscle

3. Smooth Muscle

2 types of Nervous Tissue

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglial Cells (supporting cells)

3 regions of Integument

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Subcutaneous

6 Functions of the Integumentary System

1. Protection

2. Prevents water loss

3. Temperature Regulation

4. Sensory Perception

5. Excretory Organ - sweat.

6. Formation of vitamin D.

Epidermis

Outermost Superficial Region

Dermis

Middle Region

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Deepest Region

Epidermis + Dermis =

Skin

Hair Papilla

Indentation of hair bulb containing blood vessels

Arrector Pili

Bundle of smooth muscle cells:

1. Makes hair (stand on end) goosebumps.

2. Triggered by sympathetic nervous system in response to fear.

3. Also for insulation.

Shaft

Superficial portion of hair (above epidermis)

Hair Follicle

tube surrounding hair root (part within skin)

Meissner's Corpuscle

Superficial part of dermis

Touch, Tickle

Bare Nerve Endings

Pain, Heat, and Cold

Pacinian Corpuscle

Larger and deeper in dermis/hypodermis

Pressure

Sebaceous Glands

Secret sebum (oil)

Two types of Sweat Glands

1. Merocrine Sweat Glands

2. Apocrine Sweat Glands

Subcutaneous Layer of Skin

1. Absorbs Shock

2. Insulates the deep body structures 3. Common site of injection.

Two types of dermis

1. Papillary Layer

2. Reticular Layer

Thick Skin

Epidermis has 5 layers, found on palms of hands and soles of feet.

Thin Skin

Epidermis has 4 layers (no strateum lucidum)

Stratum Basale

1. contains melanocytes

2. produces the pigment melanin

3. Melanin absorbs UV radiation

4. Contains stem cells

Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)

1. Avascular - obtains nutrients from dermis

2. Composed of several layers containing keratinocytes.

Superficial Burn

1. First Degree Burn

2. only the outer layers of epidermis damaged.

Partial-Thickness Burn

1. Second Degree Burn

2. Epidermis and Papillary layer of dermis are damaged.

Third Degree Full Thickness Burn

1. Third Degree Burn.

2. Epidermis and all of dermis are damaged.

Fourth Degree Full Thickness Burn

1. Fourth Degree Burn

2. Extends into entire skin (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous) into underlying tendons, ligaments, muscle and bone.

5 Functions of Bone

1. Rigid Support

2. Site of Muscle Attachment

3. Protection for Internal Organs

4. Storage for calcium

5. constant blood cell supply

3 functions of Cartilage

1. Semi-rigid Support (flexibility).

2. Decrease friction.

-Hyaline cartilage, specifically lines articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints.

3. Allow for growth.

Example of superficial bone

1. Compact bone

Example of deep bone

1. Spongy bone

Composition of a Compact Bone

1. Osteon

2. Central Canal for vessels/nerves

3. Lacuna - Location of osteocytes

4. Lamella - layers of new bone deposit.

Composition of a Spongy Bone

1. Lack of Osteons

2. Trabeculae - Fine Irregular plates

3. Marrow Cavities - space between.

Three types of joints

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial