Final Exam Matt Lammers Sociology 101 UNC

gatekeeping

controlling access to groups, communities, organizations, etc

nuclear family

the familial form consisting of 2 parents and children

families as units of consumption

industrialization caused this to happen to the family form. Families purchase amenities and goods to provide for daily necessities and lifestyle.

families as units of production

Families working together to provide daily necessities and resources. Pre- and early industrial families worked together to provide a sustainable lifestyle.

emotional cultures

the rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one’s-self and group (e.g. family reunions, special holiday meals, special outings; park, museum, etc); can change over time, but are often routine.

The Second Shift

theorized by Hochschild; the extra, non-paid work that women perform as being a working mother (e.g. making breakfast, taking care of kids, housework)

invisible labor

the unseen and unpaid work that is put in to maintain the family. Basic caregiving, including for aging parents/relatives. General chores around the house. Women conduct 66% of these chores.

functionalist view of family

family is keystone of society, traditional gender roles are necessary for the proper functioning of the family unit, the nuclear family model (father, mother, children) is the best for contemporary industrial society. Marriage is the only state in which procreation can occur. The weakening of the family structure is the root of many social problems. Changes in society are the result of the change in the family structure

feminist view of the family

family structures must adapt to provide a safe and nurturing space for all family members. changes in the family are the result of changes in other social structures; economy, education, workplace, etc. Social problems are not a direct result of changes in the family form.

cult of domesticity

the belief that true womanhood enters on child rearing and domestic duties

marriage markets

spaces and populations for finding potential partners and mates

propinquity

James Bossard found that nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection

homogamy

the tendency to select mates/partners based on similarities (e.g. in education level, income level, religion, race/ethnicity, phenotype)

wedding industrial complex

Chrys Ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by financial interests. Increased markets= increase profit

sandwich generation

caring for both one’s children and their aging parents.

no-fault divorce

the ability to divorce without having to file a legal case that establishes fault (breach of contract). Argued to make the process less adversarial. This it thought to make personal and social relationships more stable.

remarriage as an incomplete institution

family relationships are based on first, never divorced marriages. Remarried families face more barriers than 1st marriage families. Remarried families are at greater risk for another divorce. Since society has institutionalized first marriages, our understanding of family is limited to biological connections. (e.g. biological parent rights are recognized more than step-parent rights)

serial monogamy

the practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage has ended in death or divorce. romanticizes “love at first sight”

gemeinschaft (community)

social groups motivated by Wesenville (essential will) between members. Personal relationships founded on traditional rules, natural emotions, and sentiments.

gesellschaft (society)

social relations motivated through Kürville (arbitrary will). Interactions are marked by being indirect, impersonal, and self-interested.

social capital

the relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate actions in others.

hierarchy

ranking of members in social groups by power, influence, and ability

sacred

spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special. these tend to bring about unity within groups.

profane

that which is mundane and ordinary. Tend to be individual, not group, concerns (e.g. taking care of Wrigley and rooting for the Cubs is a concern)

Emile Durkheim

sociologist who theorized idea of sacred and profane practices for a community

industrial time (swyers)

rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies

taboo

a ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group

collective effervescence

a feeling of belonging through collective ritual action. Durkheim argues that it’s is necessary for creating a sense of social cohesion

anticipation, knowledge, trigger moment

what does collective effervescence require?

boundary maintenance (Swyers)

the ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves

generalized reciprocity (Swyers)

exchanges with others without expectation of immediate return

taking care (swyers)

expressing an interest or concern for others e.g. the Regulars, the team, Wrigley field

performative structure

structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules. No formal coordination.

prescriptive structure

clear-cut rules as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group

Max Weber

who theorized about different types of authority and how power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others

traditional authority

legitimized through long-standing custom(s) (e.g. British royals), it is okay but only for certain societies

charismatic authority

based on dynamic personality and personal qualities

legal-rational authority

authority resides in the office and not the person. more stable, continuous

rituals (Swyers)

a set of actions performed for the symbolic value. Often actions prescribed by traditions of a community. Signify membership to the group. Building sense of belonging. provide an identity within oneself and others as being part of the community/group.

signifying contract

the requirement, or obligation, to behave in ways that reflect the values of the group

semiotics

system of signs that provide meaning and are accepted by members of the group

footing (Swyers)

the interactions, gestures, AND the implicit understanding of the relationships of ALL people in the community, group, society. Necessary for the ritual and group cohesion.

superstition

engaging in behaviors in response to events and situations that are not open to their own human agency

negative rites

actions that are considered taboo by the group or society and should be avoided. Violation of this rite is taboo. A practice that goes against the beliefs and norms of the group

positive rites

actions that are expected to be performed and carried out by members of the group or society Offer a sense of agency over actions that are beyond the control of the individual and the group.

brain drain

the migration of highly educated/qualified persons leaving a country/region for greater opportunities

new (gig) economy

the trend toward temporary and contact work. moving from job to job. no benefits, pay your own taxes unlike corporations who take your tax money out. e.g. uber and door dash

care drain

the growing proportion of immigrants finding jobs in the long-term care profession

division of labor

according to Karl Marx, leads to the alienation of individuals from the products they produce; workers are no longer artisans. Alienated from the production process, other people, and ourselves.

species being

production (work) is an expression of life. people find meaning through free and meaningful work

bureaucracy (Weber)

constrains our freedoms, but best for operating large organizations. relies on strict rules and regulation, promotion based upon merit, decisions without emotion, power residing in the office and not the person.

iron cage of bureaucracy

excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system leads to followingt he system to meet the ends and justify the system

Taylorism (Frederick W. Taylor)

time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task

industrialization

standardization, specialized equipment, assembly lines, semi- and unskilled labor, a growth machine based upon mass production and mass consumption. Management and labor accord; increased wages in exchange for oppressive and repressive work.

service sector economy

economy focused on providing services rather than producing goods. marked by lower wage jobs, greater employment instability, reduction in benefits.

the working poor

those persons working but still falling below official poverty line

credentialism

the overemphasis on a credential (college degree) to indicate qualification or status. Does not necessarily correspond to an equal increase in job requirements.

underemployment

not working the desired amount of time (hours) or work that does not utilize one’s full abilities or skills

outsourcing

contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house.

offshoring

the decision to move part, or all, of a company’s operations overseas to minimize costs and aren’t as strict w/ environment

free trade

policies based on open, non-discriminatory, trade; i.e. little to no tarriffs and taxes on imports or exports

fair trade

trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets. policies that promote decent working conditions and “fair” prices for farmers/workers. messes up our free trade harvests.

occupational sex segregation

concentration of men or women into fields dominated by one sex. e.g. women are in more flexible positions if they have to take time off.

post-industrial age

characterized by the service economy and Americans working more hours and taking fewer vacation days than workers in other industrialized countries

boundaryless career

jobs offered in the new (gig) economy that provide freedom to employees. Transient relationships between different employers, portable skills and flexible opportunity; but, lack of stability “precarious” and possible lack of benefits

wealth work

jobs that cater to the wealthy

two-tier economy

economy divided into two separate groups. 1)generally lower earnings. few/no workplace benefits, less stable employment. 2) Higher earnings, workplace benefits, “good” jobs, greater wealth, more stable employment

geeksploitation

taking advantage of no-collar employees who desire creative work, friendly workplaces, and the sharing of knowledge (AI takeover)

blue collar

workers, skilled and unskilled, in manual labor type occupations (e.g. plumbers, welders)

white collar

workers in non-manual labor, or non-routine types of occupations. Most often linked to being in administrative or professional positions (e.g. lawyer, accountant, doctor)

pink collar

jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than jobs that are held by men (e.g. secretary, nurse, social worker, hairstylist)

no collar

workers, most often tech workers, that seek meaning and satisfaction (e.g. coders, artists, graphic designers)

emotional Geography (Arlie Hoschchild)

worklife speed-up is happening because more women entered the workforce, women are now in jobs that are less flexible, males and females have increased work responsibility, so home is sometimes viewed as a sanctuary while work is viewed as stressful

fictive kin

unrelated individuals with emotional ties similar to family

assortative mating

Any mating pattern where individuals choose partners non-randomly based on their traits (genotypes or phenotypes).