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Individual Evidence
Evidence with characteristics that belong to a single source
Importance of Class Evidence
Narrows down possible suspects, stronger with smaller/rarer groups
Purpose of Forensic Photography (three)
1. Crime scene is not secured forever. Documents location and position of evidence for investigation and court
2. Some evidence can not be physically collected, and can only be photographed.
3. Some evidence can not be preserved, or may be damaged when collected.
Why take picture with ruler?
to show scale
Why take picture with evidence number?
to match pictures and records
Class Evidence
Evidence with characteristics that belong to a group
Importance of Individual Evidence
Demonstrates presence at the crime scene,
Analyzing individual evidence is still subjective to the skill of the CSI to make a match, and the evidence available
Overview Shot
Shows evidence in relation to the whole scene
Mid-range Shot
Shows evidence and nearby objects in detail
Close-Up Shot with Ruler/Number
Shows detailed evidence with size reference and evidence number
Close-Up Shot without Ruler/Number
Shows detailed evidence without obstruction or hidden objects
Why take picture without a ruler and evidence?
to not cover evidence
Different lighting in photography?
Using blue/green light or filter to enhance contrast and reveal detail
Oblique Lighting
Placing a strong light source close to the surface beside an object
Better photographs: film vs. digital
Film photographs are better than digital due to manipulation risks
Necessary elements in every sketch
Case number, date and time, location, arrow indicating north, sketch artist, evidence numbers, key that correlates to evidence number
Things needed in photograph log
Evidence number, time, location, date, camera/camera setting, brief description
Direct evidence
Direct proof of a fact witnessed or heard
Circumstantial evidence
Indirect evidence
t does not prove a fact but gives rise to a logical inference that the fact exists
Police officer in crime scene processing
usually first at a scene, Secures the scene to prevent loss or damage of evidence
CSI
Documents crime scene, collects evidence, sends to lab
medical examiner
present only if there’s body, identifies body and informs next of kin, observe scene + body, autopsy
Detectives
Interview witnesses, investigate crime, find suspect using evidence
Common approach path
Placing plastic plates to preserve evidence while moving
How do csi overcome weather conditions?
Building temporary structures, acting quickly
Importance of being completely covered
Prevents contamination of the crime scene
Clothing for CSI agent at crime scene
Gloves, boots, suit, mask, hood
Steps of processing a crime scene
Secure the scene, walk perimeter looking for points of entry, photograph, sketch, collect evidence to send to lab
Spiral search paths
One person spirals in while the other spirals out in large open spaces
Strip or parallel search
Two officers search starting at opposite ends in smaller indoor areas
Grid search
Two officers conduct search in right-left and up-down directions, outdoor or indoor
Quadrant or zone search
Scene divided into zones, officers assigned to each zone, very small
Sealing an evidence bag
Writing initials and date across the seal to detect tampering
Importance of chain of custody
Links crime scene to courtroom, evidence inadmissible if broken
Trace evidence
any type of evidence occurring in sizes so small that it can be transferred or exchanged between two surfaces without being noticed (hair, fiber, soil)
Paper Bindle
used to collect fragile objects into rigid containers to prevent breakage (trace evidence)
Locard Exchange Principle
perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it
Porous Paper Bags
wet or that may contain body fluids (blood, semen, etc.) must be air-dried completely.
paper/cellophane envelopes
documents
What can hair reveal
ethnicity, record of poisons, drugs
what determines time of death?
insects on body, state of decomposition, weather conditiion