PDA Exam 3

Another name for Sympathetic nervous system

thoracolumbar

Another name for Parasympathetic nervous system

craniosacral

Nerve cell bodies in brain stem and sacral spinal cord is parasympathetic or sympathetic N.S?

parasympathetic

Nerve cell bodies in thoracic and upper lumbar of spinal cord is parasympathetic or sympathetic N.S?

sympathetic

What is the control center of the autonomic N.S?

hypothalamus

The autonomic nervous system controls xxx.

cardiac smooth glands

What system is “fight or flight”?

sympathetic

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

increase

What glands are stimulated by parasympathetic N.S? x x x

salivary lacrimal mucus

Parasympathetic is active when?

rest and digest

Where is acetylcholine not the neurotransmitter employed?

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

What neurotransmitter is employed by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

norepinephrine

What neurons have norepinephrine as the primary neurotransmitter?

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

What neurons have acetylcholine as the primary neurotransmitter? x, x

S/P preganglionic, P postganglionic neurons

A majority of cells in the adrenal medulla secrete what neurotransmitter?

epinephrine

Does heart rate increase or decrease when B-1 adrenergic receptors are stimulated?

increase

Does activation of B-2 adrenergic receptors lead to constriction or relaxation of smooth muscle? (lungs)

relaxation

What neurotransmitter activates muscarinic receptors?

acetylcholine

Where are nicotinic receptors located? x, x

muscle, neuronal synapses

What part of the neuron can be myelinated?

axon

Where is most of the neuron’s DNA held?

nucleus

An adult brain has about how many neurons?

100 billion

What does myelination improve?

signal propagation

A neuron fires when x at the axon hillock exceeds the threshold for excitation.

depolarization

Function of axon hillock

initiates electrical impulse

Direction of action potential

away from cell body

What does EPSP stand for?

excitatory postsynaptic potential

What does IPSP stand for?

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

An EPSP is local x of the postsynaptic membrane.

depolarization

An IPSP is local x of the postsynaptic membrane.

hyperpolarization

EPSPs drive the neuron x to action potential threshold.

closer

IPSPs drive the neuron x from action potential threshold.

away

What channels are open during EPSP?

Na K

What channels are open during IPSP?

K or Cl

What determines the conductance velocity of an AP?

axon diameter

Summation of the action potentials occurs where?

axon hillock

What channels open in response to a stimulus?

Na

When Na rushes in, it causes x.

depolarization

During repolarization, x channels open to release x.

K

What structure is responsible for saltatory conduction?

nodes of ranvier

X neurons have one structure that extends from the cell body.

unipolar

X neurons have 1 dendrite and 1 axon extending from the soma.

bipolar

X neurons have many dendrites and an axon extending from the soma.

multipolar

The tetrodotoxin was used in the study of x.

Na channels

Tetrodotoxin is used for what medicinal purpose?

muscle relaxant

Signals in postsynaptic neurons after neurotransmitter release are caused by neurotransmitters…..

binding postsynaptic receptors

Neurotransmitters are stored in x.

vesicles

Microdialysis is used to measure the levels of x.

neurotransmitters

Myelin is a neurotransmitter (t/f)

f

Glial cell that covers axon and produces myelin

Schwann cell

Secretory regions of nerves.

axon terminals

Do small or large diameter axons have faster signal conduction?

large

What part of the nerve axon lacks a myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

What part of the nerve has the highest concentration of Na channels?

Nodes of Ranvier

Leapfrogging of action potentials from node to node along an axon

saltatory conduction

What toxin binds voltage-gated Na channels rendering them unable to produce an action potential?

batrachotoxin

What toxin is used in treatment and cancer investigation?

scorpion

What types of channels have ionotropic receptors?

ligand-gated ion channels

What types of channels have metabotropic receptors?

GPCRs

Which involves second messengers: Ionotropic or Metabotropic?

metabotropic

What has an immediate response after binding: Ionotropic or Metabotropic?

ionotropic

What enzyme is in the pre-synaptic cell?

choline acetyltransferase

What enzyme is in the synaptic cleft?

acetylcholinesterase

What are the products after hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase?

choline acetic acid

Fate of a neurotransmitter after release

diffusion, destruction, active transport

Axon connected to a dendrite of another nerve.

axodendritic

Axon connected to the body of another neuron

axosomatic

Axon connected to the axon of another that is connected to the body of another.

axoaxonic

A synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle.

neuromuscular junction

Transmission of signals between a nerve cell and a gland cells.

neuroglandular synapse

inhibitory neurotransmitters are released onto the postsynaptic membrane, preventing further release of neurotransmitters.

direct inhibition

excitatory neurotransmitters bind with receptors on the presynaptic membrane and prevent the further release of neurotransmitters.

indirect inhibition

neural mechanism in which the activation of one pathway leads to the inhibition of its opposing pathway. This process is essential for coordinated movement and reflex control.

reciprocal inhibition

a type of neuron that reduces or suppresses the activity of other neurons by releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA

inhibitory interneuron

Another name for inhibitory interneurons

Renshaw cells

2 separated stimuli cause EPSPs that dont combine.

no summation

2 excitatory stimuli close in time causing EPSPs that combine.

temporal summation

2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together.

spatial summation

One presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons.

divergent pathway

Many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

convergent pathway

temporary reduction in neurotransmitter release at a synapse due to prolonged or repetitive stimulation.

synaptic fatigue

greatly increases neuronal excitability.
For instance, a rise in arterial blood pH from the 7.4 norm to 7.8 to 8.0. often causes cerebral epileptic seizures because of increased
excitability of some or all of the cerebral neurons.

alkalosis

greatly depresses neuronal
activity; A fall in pH from 7.4 to below 7.0 usually
causes a comatose state.

acidosis

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA glycine

Inhibitory neurotransmitters open Cl- channels resulting in post-synaptic target x.

hyperpolarization

GABA can open what channels to cause hyperpolarization?

Cl K

Excitatory neurotransmitters

glutamate acetylcholine aspartate

Excitatory neurotransmitters open up what channels to cause depolarization?

Na Ca

Glutamate can also close what channel to cause depolarization?

K

What system causes pupil constriction?

parasympathetic

What system relaxes bronchi

sympathetic

What system slows heart rate?

parasympathetic

What system stimulates glucose release?

sympathetic

What system promotes bile production?

parasympathetic

Which system promotes salivation?

parasympathetic

What system constricts bronchi?

parasympathetic

What system causes an errection?

parasympathetic

axons are highly branched in what system?

sympathetic

What system has short postganglionic fibers?

parasympathetic

What system has long postganglionic fibers?

sympathetic