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Satellite State
Independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation.
Cold War
Worldwide rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Iron Curtain
Term to describe the border between the Soviet satellite states and Western Europe.
Truman Doctrine
President Truman’s promise to help nations struggling against communist movements.
Containment
Policy of keeping communism contained within its existing borders.
Marshall Plan
Foreign policy that offered economic aid to Western Europe after WW2.
Berlin Aircraft
Program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Military alliance formed to counter Soviet aggression.
Warsaw Pact
Military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite states.
Jiang Jieshi
Chinese Nationalist leader who opposed Mao Zedong’s communist forces during the Chinese civil war.
Mao Zedong
Successfully led a communist revolution in mainland China.
38th Parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea.
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of UN forces in the Korean War.
Limited War
War fought to achieve only specific goals.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SATO)
Defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia.
Mutually Assured Destruction
The concept that two powerful nations can completely annihilate each other with nuclear weapons.
John Foster Dulles
Served as Secretary of State under president Dwight Eisenhower.
Massive Retaliation
Policy of threatening to use massive force in response to aggression.
Brinkmanship
Belief that only by going to the brink of war could the United States protect itself against Soviet aggression.
Nikita Khrushchev
Communist party leader who served as premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964.
Nationalize
To place a private resource under government control.
Suez Crisis
Attempt by France and Great Britain to seize control of the Suez Canal.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Policy of president Eisenhower that stated the U.S. would use force to help any nation threatened by communism.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
U.S. intelligence-gathering organization.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Government agency that coordinates U.S. efforts in space.
Red Scare
Fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life.
Smith Act
Law that made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the United States government.
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States.
Hollywood Ten
Group of movie directors, writers, and producers who refused to answer HUAC questions about communist ties.
Blacklist
List of persons who were not hired because of suspected communist ties.
Alger Hiss
Investigated by HUAC as a communist spy, and later convicted of perjury.
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
An American married couple who were convicted of spying for the Soviet Union.
Venona Papers
A series of Cold War era secret Soviet Union documents intercepted and later released by U.S. intelligence officials.
Joseph R. McCarthy
Led a series of high-profile investigations into Americans whom he accused of being disloyal to the United States.
McCarthyism
Negative catchword for extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty.
Demobilization
Sending home members of the army.
GI Bill of Rights
Legislation that eased the return of WW2 veterans by providing education and employment aid.
Baby Boom
Increase in births between 1945-1964.
Productivity
Amount of goods and services produced given the amount of resources used.
Sunbelt
Name given to the region of states in the South and the Southwest.
Service Sector
Businesses that provide services rather than manufactured goods.
Information Industry
Businesses that provide informational services.
Franchise Business
To allow a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators.
Sam Walton
American retail pioneer who founded Walmart stores.
Estee Lauder
American businesswoman and philanthropist who founded a fragrance and cosmetics empire.
Multinational Corporation
Company that produces and sells its goods and services all over the world.
AFL-CIO
In 1955, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, labor unions united.
Taft-Hartley Act
A law that restricted the power of labor unions.
Fair Deal
President Truman’s program to expand New Deal reforms.
Interstate Highway Act
The 1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway.
Consumerism
Large-scale buying, much of it on credit.
Median Family Income
A measure of average family income.
Nuclear Family
A traditional household consisting of parents and their children.
Dr. Benjamin Spock
American pediatrician and author of "Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care", which was one of the most influential books on parenting.
Billy Graham
American evangelist who rose to prominence during the religious revival of the 1950’s in the United States.
California Master Plan
A plan that called for three tiers of higher education.
Beatniks
Small group of writers and artists who were critical of American society.
Rock & Roll
Popular music that grew out of the gospel and blues tradition of African Americans.
Elvis Presley
American musician who became known as the 'King of Rock & Roll'.
Urban renewal
Government programs for redevelopment of urban areas.
Termination policy
A policy ending all programs monitored by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, it also ended the federal responsibility for the health and welfare of Native Americans.
De jure segregation
Segregation imposed by law.
De facto segregation
Segregation by unwritten tradition.
Thurgood Marshall
The Supreme Court's first African-American justice.
Earl Warren
Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1953-1969.
Orval Faubus
Governor of Arkansas who ordered the National Guard to block 9 African American students from entering Little Rock High School.
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights.
Rosa Parks
Began the Montgomery bus protest.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Advocated nonviolent methods of protest, became the most influential leader of the civil rights movement.
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