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Vaporization
the process by which a solid or liquid changes to a gas
Boiling
vaporization in which the liquid particles change into a gas throughout the entire liquid
Evaporation
vaporization in which particles escape from the surface of a non-boiling liquid and enter the gaseous state. Occurs only on the liquid’s surface but at any temperature.
Normal Boiling Point
the temperature at which a liquid boils at one atmosphere of pressure (760mm Hg)
Sublimation
process by which a solid turns directly to a gas without passing throughout the liquid state
Deposition
process by which a gas turns directly into a solid without passing through the liquid state
Heat of vaporization/condensation
amount of heat required to vaporize or condense one gram of a liquid at its boiling point
Heat of fusion/crystallization
the amount of heat required to melt or freeze one gram of solid at its melting point
Pressure
the force applied divided by the surface area of application (P = F/A) (pascal)
atmospheric pressure
the pressure exerted by the atmosphere around us which is also called air pressure of barometric pressure
normal atmospheric pressure/air pressure
the average pressure at sea-level, which equal to the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm tall; also called one atmosphere or standard pressure
standard temperature and pressure
the conditions most often used in chemistry to study or test a chemical
vapor pressure
the pressure of the vapor in contact with its liquid in a sealed container
equilibrium vapor pressure
an indication of a liquid’s evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of particles to escape from the liquid. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile. Many organic compounds have high numbers of this and are called volatile organic compounds.
phase diagram
a common way to represent the various phases of a substance and the conditions under which each phase exists
triple point
at this temperature and pressure, three phases can coexist at equilibrium
critical point
at a temperature above critical temperature, and a pressure above the critical pressure, it is no longer possible to distinguish between the gas and liquid phases
density
a measure of the concentration of matter
solution concentration
the amount of substance in a given volume or mass of the mixture. The units are moles per volume.
Molarity
the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution
equilibrium
a balance of two opposing forces occurring at equal rates in the same closed system
physical equilibrium
can occur in a closed container of any water solution. The opposing forces or processes are evaporation and condensation
reversible reactions
reactions that can run in both directions
equilibrium constant expression
also called law of mass action; is a ratio of molar concentrations of products divided by reactants; used to determine relative concentrations of reactants and products for a reaction at equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
if an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that reduces this stress