Biology - Ch 2 - 2.13 to 2.20

Autotrophic

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.

Diet

total nutrition we need

Balanced diet

a diet that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportions of nutrients

malnutrition

lack of proper nutrition

Dietry fibre

It helps you digest your food. Stops constipation.

Fortifiers

Substances added to increase the nutrient value of the food.

Additives

a substance added to something in small quantities, typically to improve or preserve it.

residues

increase food production

Food bomb calorimeter

calculates energy value in food

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output

dynamic action of food

energy deman simply caused by eating.

nutritions

The process by which your body takes in and uses food

Mastication

the process of chewing

bolus

A soft mass of chewed food.

digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

salivary amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch to maltose

Hydrogencarbonate

regulates pH

Oesophagus (gullet)

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Food moves along by peristalsis.

peristalisis

Wavelike movement that moves food through the digestive system

hydrocholic acid

provides acidic condition for pepsin and dentures enzymes in harmful microorganisms

chyme

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Transamination

converts amino acids into other that the body requires.

Deamination

amino part of amino acids is removed.

Detoxification

breadown of toxins ex alcohol.

pesticide

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals, concentrated in the food chains and may harm the top consumer

fertilisers

Chemicals added to soil to provide the nutrients needed for plant growth. Nitrate and phosphates leach into water supply.

Antibodies

Rrevent infection of cattle and poultry, may lead to antibiotic-resistant strains of microbes.

Hormones

Oestrogen used to boost growth rate of chickens - human males develop feminine characteristics.

Vitamin D

Found in eggs and liver, deficiency leads to rickets (soft bones).

Vitamin C

Found in lemon, deficiency leads to scurvy.

Iron

Found in red meat, deficiency leads to anemia.

Calcium

Found in milk, deficiency leads to weak bones and teeth.

Kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

Murasmus

General starvation, body tissue broken down.

Ingestion

Intake of food

Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Chemical digestion

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

Absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

Assimilation

food is moved into cells

Egestion

The removal of nonsoluble waste materials, faeces.

Alimentary canal

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

accessory organs

fulfill a specific function during digestion

salivary glands / mouth function

produce saliva, mechanical breakdown, amylase turn starch to maltose, food is turned to bolus.

oesophagus

Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach

Gall bladder

stores bile

duodenum

first part of the small intestine, semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juices

Pancreas

produces digestible enzymes; amylase, trypsin, lipase.

Ileum

Longest part of the small intestine; digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymhatic system

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces