Zoology

difference between acromegaly and gigantism

If growth hormones is increased:

Before puberty- gigantism

after puberty - acromegaly

storage for neurohormones

posterior pituitary

chelone is which animal

turtle and it has 3 chamber heart since it's a reptile

chlymadomonas and chlorella have been included in?

protista

which Kingdom has cellulosic cell wall

protista

fungi and monera cell wall is made up of?

fungi - chitin and monera - peptidoglycans

flying fox scientific name

pteropus

Neural signals from pneumotaxic center

Reduce the time of inspiration and no affect on expiration

Aortic arc and cartoid artery

Sensitive to pco2 in atrial blood

20-25% co2 is transported as

Carbamino haemoglobin

Asthma

Inflammation of bronchioles due to allergic reaction of mast cells in lungs

How much % of co2 is dissolved in plasma

7%

How much % of o2 is dissolved in plasma

2%

maintainence of water current in canal rays

Use of flagella

Distinctive feature of arthropods

jointed appendages and exoskeleton

Which cells produce somatostatin

delta cells of islets of langerhans

Somatostatins inhibits?

Insulin, GROWTH HORMONE and glucagon

progesterone increases a little during pregnancy?

no it increases a lot

affect of sodium on blood pressure

it increases blood pressure and if it is flushed out of body it reduces bp and person could die

aldosterone effect on potassium

it increases excretion of potassium in urine and from out of our body

seeing a black cobra which hormone increases rapidly in blood

epinephrine (cortisol foran increase nahi hoga)

adrenal gland location on frog

ventral to kidney

fat bodies attached to kidney?

no

Fat bodies attachment in male frogs

Attached to testes in males and testes are attached to kidneys

Which part of brain does frog has olfactory lobes in

Forebrain alongside with paired cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes

Cortisol receptors

Inside the cell aka intracellular

Aldoesterone receptors

Intracellular like cortisol

Aldosterone and estrogen chemical nature

Same

Skin of frog

Doesn't have exoskeleton

Main disadvantage of urea

Energy expenditure in producing it

Increase in pco2 impact on bicarbonate

Increase bicarbonate

Filtration Rate

125mL /min

180L/day

Produces only 1.5L of urine per day

Does Kidney play any role in excreting ammonia?

No

Ammonia converted to urea

In liver

In which cephalocordate is flame cells present in?

Amphioxus

Protonephridia are mainly considered with

Ionic balance and salt balance

Position of kidney

Dorsal inner wall of abdominal cavity

parts of nephron

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

renal corpuscle

What materials are reabsorbed actively in renal tubules?

Sodium, amino acids and glucose

How does reabsorption of water takes place in initial segments of tubules

Passively

Substances that tubular cells secrete into filtrate

Hydrogen ion, potassium ion and ammonia

Which tubules maintains the ph?

Pct and duct

Which ion does pct absorbs?

Bicarbonate

What causes release of renin?

drop in blood pressure or gfr

What does renin do?

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Angiotensin II affect on adrenal gland

Releases aldosterone from adrenal cortex

How much co2 does our lungs excrete in a minute

200ml per minute

Minimum urea will be present in which vein?

Renal vein

Is filtration selective?

No it is non-selective and passive

Aquatic turtles

Excrete both urea and ammonia in water.

Crocodiles

Both uric acid and ammonia

Heart is made up of fully cardiac muscles

Yes

Why does frogs heart beat after it's taken out

frog heart is myogenic in nature and it is also auto excitable

Which cells secrete most matrix of connective tissue

Fibroblasts cells

Collagen fibres are branched or unbranched

Unbranched and in bundles

Which organ is controlled by autonomic nervous system

Intestine

Difference between somatic and autonomic

somatic (voluntary muscles) and autonomic (involuntary muscles)

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are a part of

autonomic nervous system

Position of midbrain

Between thalamus of forebrain and pons of hind brain

Clarias

Have swim bladders and also known as catfish

Water canal system is present in

Porifera and its function is to help in respiration, food gathering and removal of nitrogenous wastes

Circulatory system in octopus

Closed

Circulatory system in ascelminthes

Absent matlab na hi open aur na closed

Main excretory removal of ascelminthes

Through excretory tube

Hormone that help in transplantation surgery

Glucocorticoid - it works as immunosuppressive

tropic hormones

Hormones released from anterior pituitary- total six release karta hai

Endocrine part of pancreas

glucagon and insulin

LAX is

Spirally arranged sporophylls along an axis

LAX is present in which gymosperm

Cycas

Oxygen helps in breaking food directly or indirectly?

Indirectly

Mechanism of breathing depend on

Habitat and level of organization

Initial bronchioles are supported by

Incomplete cartilaginous rings

Which part gives rise to alveoli

Terminal bronchioles

Total thickness of diffusion membrane

Less than a millimeter

% of co2 and o2 transferred by plasma and by hameoglobin aka rbcs

Co2 in plasma - 7%

O2 in plasma - 3%

Co2 in rbcs - 25%

O2 in rbcs - 97%

Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to

partial pressure of O2

Chemosensitive area are sensitive to

Co2 and hydrogen ions

Aortic arc is also sensitive to them

Which parts are inside lungs?

Initial bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and alveoli

How many layers does a substance pass while getting filtrated?

3 layers during ultra filtration

Which two ions maintain osmolarity in medulla?

Nacl and urea

Define gfr

Glomerular Filtration rate; amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute.

Which class is both Intra cellular and extra cellular

Colentrate

How many bones fuse to form sacral?

Five

How many bones fuse to form cocyx

Four