APUSH Period 5 Test Review 1844-1877 -

Civil War/Reconstruction/Post Reconstruction

What is occuring in the 1850s between the North and South?

Theme: POLARIZATION

• North and South = Opposing civilizations, both need to spread to survive

• Most Northerners are NOT abolitionists, but they feel slavery must NOT spread into Western territory.

• Most Southerners are NOT slave owners

What are some Federal efforts to settle the issue of slavery?

1. Compromise of 1850:

• Fugitive Slave Act - Caused ANYONE, even Northerners to catch escaped slaves

2. 1854 - Kansas Nebraska Act = Erased Missouri compromise line and allowed for popular Sovereignty to be observed in both Kansas and Nebraska leading to Bleeding Kansas

3. 1857 - Dred Scott Case = Slaves are now PROPERTY

4. Lincoln’s House Divided Speech = America has to settle sectional tensions

What was John Brown’s Raid in 1859?

John Brown - Radical abolitionist who worked within the Underground Railroads

His raid in Kansas, known as the Pottawatomie Massacre, where he killed 5 Pro-Slavery leaders

What was the background and Outcome of the Election of 1860?

Background:

• 4 Candidates:

1. Lincoln/Republican = His position of slavery was the “Free Soilers Party,” who didn’t want enslaved labor to enter the newly acquired Western territories

2. Stephen Douglas/N. Democrat = Popular Sovereignty POV of Slavery

3. John Breckinridge/Southern Dem. = Wants to fully enforce Dred Scott Ruling

What was the Background/Context for the Civil War?

1. Fort Sumter

2. Importance of Border States = Such as Missouri, Kentucky, etc.

• These states are slave states BUT don’t secede to the Confederacy, making them a key asset for Lincoln pre- Civil War

3. Political Goals: What each side said they were fighting for:

• South - Never says they’re fighting to protect slavery b/c slavery is unpopular WORLDWIDE + Most Southerners are not slave owners. Say they’re fighting for state’s rights + personal liberty

• North: lincoln says he’s fighting to PRESERVE the Union by destroying the precedent of succession

What advantages does the North have in the War?

1. Has a LARGE Industry (Iron, Steel Production = Allowed for armory to be made

2. Had a larger population of immigrants

3. Had more money

What were the advantages/disadvantages did the South have during the war?

ADVANTAGES:

• Fighting a defensive territory (meaning they were trying to defend their OWN territory = Giving them motivation and an advantage

• Has the BEST generals

• Had the cotton industry, which they tried to get allies with by blackmailing Britain and France, who relied on textiles

DISADVANTAGES:

• Because there were so many slaves they could turn AGAINST the South

What was occuring in the EARLY years of the War? (1861-1862)

1. Rise of the “Copperheads” - People who just wanted the North to surrender and let the South secede

2. Lincoln stripping away Civil Liberties - He suspends Habeas Corpus, (a legal writ forcing authorities to bring a prisoner to court to justify their detention, protecting against unlawful imprisonment) AND shuts down the Copperhead’s Newspaper (Stripping the Freedom of Speech)

How and why was 1863 a TURNING point in the civil war? What occured?

1. 1863

• Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln realized that the only way the North would win the war was if he made the war ABOUT slavery

• It freed the slaves in the CONFEDERATE states not border states

2. Changes meaning of War (Becomes somewhat revolutionary)

• Destabilizes South (Slaves begin to run away and rebel)

• Isolates the South

• More Union soldiers (180,000 AA join the army)

3. 1863 Draft Riots:

• $300 Rule

What was the Battle of Gettysburg/The Gettysburg Address

Battle of Gettysburg:

• Because there was already chaos in the North, the South invades Gettysburg, PA to add to the war

• Backfires on South HEAVILY

This causes the…

Gettysburg Address:

• Made by Lincoln, speaking about Nationalism and correlating topics to the entire country, attempting to cool sectional Tensions

What was occuring in the FINAL phases of the war? (1864-65)

1. Lincoln doesn’t cancel elections although there is war breaking out

2. He picks Andrew Johnson as his VP

3. Phase 3 of the War: TOTAL WAR

• Ulysses Grant

• Sherman’s March to Sea

• 40 acres and a Mule

4. Lincoln RE-ELECTED for 2nd term

5. 13th Amendment was PASSED, ENDED the WAR

What was the immediate effect of the Civil War?

Reconstruction = 1865-1877 (Immediate Effects of War)

1. Rebuilding the “Nation” after the civil war

2. Nothing in Constitution addresses this issue…causing problems later on

What was the first phase of Reconstruction? What were examples of this?

Presidential Reconstruction (Restoration):

A. Definition/Goal: When President Lincoln/Johnson were in charge

• Goal = Restore and reunify the country as quickly as possible with just ONE revolutionary change - The 13th Amendment

B. President Lincoln and Johnson are INCREDIBLY LENIENT forwards Ex-Confederates

Examples of Leniency:

• Lincoln’s 10% Plan = Where only 10% of people in Southern States could just pledge to the U.S. and be readmitted into the Union

What were the effects of “Restoration,” within the First Phase of Reconstruction?

1. Fall 1865 Southern states pass Black codes to exploit a loophole in the 13th Amendment

• Southern State Laws: Vagrancy (If you were a Black homeless person, it was illegal)

What was the Second Phase of Reconstruction? Explain the goals, the context, etc.

Congressional/Radical (Republican) Reconstruction:

1. Definition: When Congress takes control of the process of readmitting the Southern States into the Union

• Thaddeus Stevens + Charles Sumner = Radical Republicans who made change in the South

2. Goals:

• Punish White southerners intransigence + treachery

• Help protect freedman by transplanting Republican party into the South

3. Context/Causes:

• Black Codes

• Radical Republicans win a SUPERMAJORITY (2/3 vote) in Congress..allowing them to

1. Veto Proof

2. Can Impeach and Remove

3. Can make new Amendments

What were examples of Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction?

1. Renewal of Freedmen’s Bureau - 1866 = A crucial post-Civil War federal agency providing food, housing, medical aid, education to newly freed slaves in the South

2. Civil Rights Act - 1866 = First federal law defining U.S. citizenship and guaranteeing equal protection, primarily for African Americans post-Civil War.

3. Military Reconstruction Act - 1867 = Marital Law

What were the 2 IMPORTANT Results of the Battle between Congress and Johnson?

1. Radical Republicans were apprehensive that future Congresses would repeal the rights of freedom

2. Wanted to embed the most important rights in the Constitution = 14th and 15th Amendments

What are the results of Radical Reconstruction Era?

TEMPORARY REVOLUTION

1. 1866-1876 = South’s controlled by Republicans

• Freedman’s Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags (Republicans)

• Establish temporary political and social equality for freedmen

• Freedmen vote, elect ex-slaves to House+Senate run state govts.

• Leading Ex-Confederates are disenfranchised

What was the ending of the Reconstruction period/Reaction?

1. KKK forms + expands

• Using violence to achieve a political ogal

• Wanted to redeem White control

2. Declining Northern Commitment

• Panic of 1873 - Economic Crisis after War + focuses people’s attention away from the South and on the economy

What was the Compromise of 1877?

Meeting where the Dem. and Rep. made an agreement in which Rep. Rutherford Hayes would win the election in exchange for removing the last military troops and FORMALLY ended reconstruction.

What does the End of Reconstruction lead to?

Jim Crow Law Era (1877-1950s)

1. After 1877, South is controlled by 1 party (Democrats Redeemers)

2. Then “Redeemer Goals” circumvent the new Amendments

• 13th Amendment - Circumvented by “sharecropping”

• 14th Amendment - Jim Crow Laws

• 15tth Amendment - Literacy Tests, Poll Taxes, etc.