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descriptive representation
a facet of political representation that refers to which social groups are represented in the legislature; also known as mirror representations
district
the territorial area that an elected official represents in the legislature; also called a constituency or riding
district magnitude
the number of seats available in the electoral district; abbreviated as the letter “m”
electoral rules
the laws that set forth how voters choose their elected representatives and how votes are turned into seats in the national legislature
ethnic quotas
a quota law that applies to candidates or elected representatives from specific racial, ethnic, linguistic, ethnolinguistic, religious, or ethno-religious groups
gender parity
when the gender quota mandates half men and half women
gender quotas
a quota law that applies to candidates or elected representatives who are women
plurality
referring to the most, not the majority; in single-member districts, candidates win with the most votes
political representation
a multifaceted concept describing who is present in a national legislature and what they do
substantive representation
a facet of political representation that refers to which interests are manifested during the lawmaking process as well as the extent to which voters’ policy preferences and interests are promoted by their representatives
symbolic representation
a facet of political representation that refers to how citizens’ and voters’ behaviors and attitudes change in response to descriptive representation