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what is the formation of the subjunctive?
all regular -er, -ir, and many irregular verbs follow the same conjugation pattern
the stem of the verb in the third person plural (ils/elles) in the indicative present tense.. and the following endings
je: -e
tu: -es
il: -e
nous: ions
vous: iez
ils/elles: ent
example: finir - “finiss” stem
il faut que je finisse
il faut que tu finisses
il faut qu’il finisse
il faut que nous finissions
il faut que vous finissiez
il faut qu’ils finissent
what does the subjunctive express?
it is a mood to express uncertainty, doubt, wish, fear, judgement, necessity, obligation, opposition, possibility
what is the typical sentence formation/common phrases for/when using the subjunctive?
widely used in french, usually appears after the word “que” (or sometimes qui)
il faut que … it is necessary that
bien que … although
avant que … before that
afin que … in order that
à moins que … unless
what expressions of desire/will trigger the subjunctive?
Je veux que … I want that
Je souhaite que …. I wish that
J'aimerais que … I would like that
Il faut que … It is necessary that
what expressions of emotion trigger the subjunctive?
Je suis content(e) que … I am happy that
Je crains que … I fear that
Je regrette que … I regret that
Ça m'étonne que … It surprises me that
what expressions of doubt or uncertainty trigger the subjunctive?
Je doute que … I doubt that
Il est possible que … It is possible that
Il se peut que … It may be that
Je ne pense pas que … I don't think that
what conjunctions require the subjunctive?
Bien que … Although
Pour que … So that
Afin que … In order that
Avant que … Before
À condition que … Provided that
Sans que … Without
what impersonal expressions require the subjunctive?
Il est important que … It is important that
Il est nécessaire que … It is necessary that
Il est temps que … It is time that
what are the most common irregular stems in the subjunctive?
Infinitive | Subjunctive Stem | Je | Nous | Ils/Elles |
---|---|---|---|---|
Être | soi / soy | sois | soyons | soient |
Avoir | ai / ay | aie | ayons | aient |
Aller | aill / all | aille | allions | aillent |
Faire | fass | fasse | fassions | fassent |
Pouvoir | puiss | puisse | puissions | puissent |
Savoir | sach | sache | sachions | sachent |
Vouloir | veuill / voul | veuille | voulions | veuillent |
Valoir | vaill / val | vaille | valions | vaillent |
Venir | vienn / ven | vienne | venions | viennent |
Prendre | prenn / pren | prenne | prenions | prennent |
Boire | boiv / buv | boive | buvions | boivent |
Voir | voi / voy | voie | voyions | voient |
Devoir | doiv / dev | doive | devions | doivent |
Croire | croi / croy | croie | croyions | croient |
Tenir | tienn / ten | tienne | tenions | tiennent |
The subjunctive endings are regular:
-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent
“objective” verbs vs “subjective” verbs
objective verbs are followed by the indicative, while subjective verbs are followed by the subjunctive
examples:
objective
je constate, j’observe, je remarque → qu’il est absent.
je pense, je crois, je suppose, j’imagine → qu’il est en retard.
j’affirme, je déclare, je dis → qu’il ne reviendra pas.
subjective
je désire, j’aimerais, je souhaite → qu’il soit là
j’ai peur, je crains, je redoute → qu’il (ne) soit malade.
je veux, j’ordonne, j’exige, je supplie → qu’il revienne.
what tenses for verbs “de la tête” vs “du cœur” are used?
use the indicative for verbs “de la tête” (penser, supposer, ect.) and use the subjunctive for verbs “du cœur” (désirer, souhaiter, craindre, ect.)
does espérer use the indicative or the subjunctive?
it uses the indicative.
examples:
J’espère que vous viendrez demain.
J’espère qu’il fera beau.
what happens when an objective verb is in the negative form, inversion question, or implies judgement?
negative objective verbs are usually followed by the subjunctive
examples:
Je ne crois pas que Paul soit malade.
Je ne pense pas qu’il ait la grippe.
after an inversion question, the subjunctive is also used (often)
example:
Pensez-vous que cet homme soit coupable ?
when an adjective expresses a judgement, we use the subjunctive
examples:
Je trouve que Max a du talent.
Je trouve normal qu’il ait du succès.
when is the conditionnel used?
to ask something politely, to express a wish, or to talk about something that would happen “if”, about a possibility.
Hypothetical situations
Si j'avais le temps, je voyagerais.
If I had time, I would travel.
Politeness
Je voudrais un café, s’il vous plaît.
I would like a coffee, please.
Advice
Tu devrais étudier plus.
You should study more.
Reported speech (future-in-the-past)
Il a dit qu’il viendrait demain.
He said he would come tomorrow.
Imagined result / Literary tone
Elle serait la reine du bal.
She would be the queen of the ball.
what is the formation of the conditionnel?
to form the conditionnel present, add the endings of the imparfait to the future present stems (infinitive or the irregular stems).
Je: -ais
Tu: -ais
Il: -ait
Nous: -ions
Vous: -iez
Ils/Elles: -aient
examples:
Parler → je parlerais
Finir → tu finirais
Prendre → ils prendraient
how do the conjugations of nettoyer, essayer, and essuyer in the conditionnel? what about appeler?
-yer verbs (y → i) in the conditionnel:
the y is changed to an i when conjugating these verbs.
example conjugation:
j’essaierais
tu essaierais
il essaierait
nous essaierions
vous essaieriez
ils essaieraient
appeler in the conditionnel:
extra “l” is added to the stem. appeler → appeller.
for pronunciation purposes, two consonants.
what happens to the stems for the verbs geler, amener, peser, acheter, achever in the conditionnel?
the accent grave are added to the first “e” in the stem for pronunciation purposes.
examples:
je gèlerais
j’amènerais
je pèserais
j’achèterais
j’achèverais
what are the irregular verb stems in the conditionnel conjugations?
same as the future simple irregulars!
Infinitive | Stem | Example (je) |
---|---|---|
être | ser- | je serais |
avoir | aur- | j’aurais |
aller | ir- | j’irais |
faire | fer- | je ferais |
venir | viendr- | je viendrais |
voir | verr- | je verrais |
devoir | devr- | je devrais |
pouvoir | pourr- | je pourrais |
savoir | saur- | je saurais |
vouloir | voudr- | je voudrais |
recevoir | recevr- | je recevrais |
courir | courr- | je courrais |
envoyer | enverr- | j’enverrais |
mourir | mourr- | je mourrais |
tenir | tiendr- | je tiendrais |
falloir (impersonal) | faudr- | il faudrait |
pleuvoir (impersonal) | pleuvr- | il pleuvrait |
how are the verbs devoir, vouloir, and pouvoir translated in english when used in the conditionnel in french?
devoir (devr-) → should
vouloir (voudr-) → would (like)
pouvoir (pourr-) → could
all are going to be followed by an infinitive!
what is a si clause in french?
si clauses (if clauses in english) indicate possibilities, which may or may not become reality. they refer to the present, past, and future. these conditional sentences have two parts: the condition, or si clause, and the main or result clause which indicates what will happen if the condition of the si clause is met.
if the si clause is conjugated in the present, what will the result clause be conjugated in?
three options:
si present…
+ present
+ future
+ imperative
used in cases where the condition may be fulfilled and thus the consequence is seen as possible.
examples:
Si tu veux, tu peux répondre aux questions, Tex.
If you want, you can answer the questions, Tex.
D'accord. Mais si tu peux, choisis les questions les plus croustillantes
OK, but choose the juiciest questions if you can!
Qu'est-ce que vous ferez demain ... si vous trouvez l'amour de votre vie?
What will you do tomorrow ... if you find the love of your life?
Si je rencontre l'amour de ma vie, je l'épouserai, bien sûr!
If I meet the love of my life, I will marry her, of course!
if the si clause is conjugated in the imparfait, what will the result clause be conjugated in?
si imparfait…
+ conditionnel
this type of si clause is contrary to fact in the present. The consequence is thus seen as impossible. the imperfect is used in the si clause, never the conditional.
examples:
Si vous étiez une voiture, que seriez-vous?
If you were a car, what would you be?
Si j'étais une voiture, je serais la légendaire 2CV.
If I were a car, I would be the legendary 2CV.
Si vous étiez un fruit, lequel choisiriez-vous?
If you were a fruit, which one would you choose?
Si j'étais un fruit, je choisirais le raisin pour pouvoir me transformer en vin.
If I were a fruit, I would choose grapes, so that I could be transformed into wine.
if the si clause is conjugated in the plus-que-parfait, what will the result clause be conjugated in?
si plus-que-parfait…
+ past conditionnel
this type of si clause is used for situations that are contrary to past fact. the result clause thus expresses an unrealized past possibility.
examples:
Qu'est-ce que vous auriez fait, si vous étiez né à College Station?
What would you have done, if you had been born in College Station?
Si j'étais né à College Station, j'aurais préféré Texas A&M à UT. Quelle horreur!
If I had been born in College Station, I would have preferred Texas A&M over UT! How terrible!
Si vous n'aviez pas connu Tammy, qu'est-ce que vous auriez fait?
If you hadn't met Tammy, what would you have done?
Je n'aurais jamais répondu à un tel quizz, si je n'avais pas connu Tammy!
I would never have taken such a quiz, if I hadn't met Tammy!
when speaking about the future, what is the difference in sentences using “quand” vs “si”
“quand” followed by the futur simple indicates certainty:
L’année prochaine, quand je reviendrai, j’irai au Ritz
Demain, quand je sortirai, je passerai chez toi.
if there is no certainty, can make a hypothesis about the future with si + present + futur simple.
L’année prochaine, si je reviens à Paris, j’irai au Ritz
Demain, si je sors tôt, je passerai chez toi.
the future is NEVER used after “si” !
S’il fait beau et si j’ai des vacances, j’irai à la plage.
don’t confuse the “si” of the hypothesis with the “if” of indirect speech.
Je ne sais pas si (oui ou non) je partirai.
Il lui demande si (oui ou non) elle viendra.
when expressing a generality, what sentence structure is used?
to express a generality, “si” + present/present is used (“si” = “quand” in this context):
Si on mange trop, on grossit.
Si je dors trop, j’ai mal à la tête.
when expressing a recommendation, what sentence structure is used?
to expression a recommendation, “si” + present/imperative:
Si tu sors, mets ton manteau !
Si tu as des problèmes, appelle-moi !
when imagining something that doesn’t exist, how do you make a hypothesis about the present?
when imagining something that doesn’t exist, we make a hypothesis about the present with: si + imparfait / present conditional
Aujourd’hui, in ne fait pas beau. Je ne sors pas.
→ Aujourd’hui s’il faisait beau, je sortirais.
Je ne suis pas français. Je parle mal français.
→ Si j’étais français, je parlerais bien français.
how can “si” be used to make a suggestion?
to make a suggestion, we use the si + imparfait:
Si on allait au cinéma ?
Si on prenait un café ?
when imagining something that did not happen, how do you make a hypothesis about the past?
when imagining something that didn’t happen, we make a hypothesis about the past with: si + plus-que-parfait / conditionnel passé
Dimanche dernier, il n’a pas fait beau. Je ne suis pas sorti.
→ Dimanche dernier, s’il avait fait beau, je serais sorti.
Hier, je suis parti en retard et j’ai raté le train.
→ Hier, si je n’étais pas parti en retard, je n’aurais pas raté le train.
what is the direct speech in french (le discours direct)?
it is when we report a person’s words without modifying them, as they were spoken, with quotation marks.
using a verb called an “introducteur,” which literally introduces these words
the most common verb is “dire” but there are many others!
examples:
Elle dit : « Je rentrerai tard ce soir, ne m’attends pas pour dîner ! »
« Je rentrerai tard ce soir, dit-elle, ne m’attends pas pour dîner ! »
what is the indirect speech in french (le discours indirect)?
Indirect speech is used to report a person's words indirectly.
example:
Elle a dit qu’il rentrerait tard ce soir.
the speaker's words have been altered. they are no longer as they were spoken by the subject. see that there is still a speaking verb, but there are no longer any quotation marks.
when we move from direct to indirect speech, we must make grammatical changes in reported speech: conjugation, verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs of place and time.
when moving from direct to indirect speech, what four questions should you ask yourself about the phrase?
what type of sentence am I reporting?
what is the tense of the verb of speech?
who spoke the words?
what are the time expressions used?
how do you report a declarative sentence in french speech?
when reporting a declarative sentence, in other words an affirmative or negative sentence, we use the subordinating conjunction “que”
example:
Martin dit : « Elle est en retard. »
Martin dit qu’elle est en retard.
how do you report a interrogative sentence (yes/no question) in french speech?
when reporting a complete interrogative sentence, that is, a question to which one answers with "yes" or "no…"si" is used and the question mark is removed in indirect speech.
example:
Martin demande : « Elle est en retard ? »
Martin demande si elle est en retard.
how do you report a partial interrogative sentence (où, quand, combien, ect.) in french speech?
when reporting a partial interrogative sentence, that is, a question beginning with the interrogative words “quand,” “pourquoi,” “combien,” etc., the same interrogative word is used in indirect speech.
example:
Martin demande : « Pourquoi est-elle en retard ? »
Paul demande pourquoi elle est en retard.
NOTE: kept the interrogative word "pourquoi," but, do not keep the inversion of the verb and the subject because it is no longer a direct question but an indirect question.
how are interrogative sentences constructed with the interrogative words "qu'est-ce que,” "que," "quoi,” and “qu'est-ce qui” in the reported speech?
when the interrogative sentence is constructed with the interrogative words "qu'est-ce que,” " que, " "quoi” we use "ce que"
and when there is "qu'est-ce qui,” we use "ce qui" in indirect speech.
examples:
Paul te demande : « Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire ce matin ? »
Paul te demande ce que tu vas faire ce matin.
Paul te demande : « Qu’est-ce qui te rend triste ? »
Paul te demande ce qui te rend triste.
how do you report an imperative sentence in french speech?
there are two possibilities for reporting an injunctive sentence.
the most common construction is to replace the imperative with "de" + infinitive.
example:
Paul ordonne : « Parlez moins fort ! »
Paul ordonne de parler moins fort
“to speak less loudly”
can also replace the imperative with que + present subjunctive.
example:
Paul ordonne : « Parlez moins fort ! »
Paul ordonne que nous parlions moins dort.
“that we speak less loudly”
how are verb tenses changed from speaking to indirect speech: speaking verb in present or future?
if the tense of the speaking verb is present or future in direct speech, there is no change in indirect speech.
example:
Marie affirme : « Il n’est pas venu »
Marie affirme qu’il n’est pas venu.
the speaking verb “affirme” is in the present tense, so the verb of reported speech does not change, keep the past tense “est venu.”
how are verb tenses changed from speaking to indirect speech: speaking verb is in the past tense?
if the speaking verb is in the past tense: passé-composé, imparfait, passé-simple, plus-que-parfait, must respect the concordance of tenses.
example:
Marie a affirmé: « Il n’est pas venu. »
Marie a affirmé qu’il n’était pas venu.
the speaking verb "a affirmé" is in the past tense, so the verb tense of the reported words is modified. the passé composé becomes the plus-que-parfait.
after a past-tense verb, we use what is called a past tense of concordance.
how are personal pronouns modified in the reported speech?
je → il/elle
tu → je
vous → nous
nous/on → ils/elles
examples
Elle m’a dit: « Je suis en retard »
Elle m’a dit qu’elle était en retard
Elle m’a dit: « Tu es en retard »
Elle m’a dit que j’étais en retard.
Elle m’a dit: « Vous êtes en retard »
Elle m’a dit que nous étions en retard.
Elle m’a dit: « Nous sommes / on est en retard »
Elle m’a dit qu’ils étaient en retard.
how are demonstrative pronouns modified in the reported speech?
adding “là” to celui, celle, ceux, celles
examples:
ce livre → ce livre-là
cet homme → cet homme-là
"ceci" → changes to "cela"
“ceci” refers to something close to the original speaker, which becomes distant in indirect speech.
how are possessive pronouns modified in the reported speech?
possessive pronouns are often shifted to reflect the change in perspective, depending on the subject and context of the reporting.
must match the new subject of the reporting verb.
à moi → le mien / la mienne / les miens / les miennes
à toi → le tien / la tienne / les tiens / les tiennes
à lui / elle → le sien / la sienne / les siens / les siennes
à nous → le nôtre / la nôtre / les nôtres
à vous → le vôtre / la vôtre / les vôtres
à eux / elles → le leur / la leur / les leurs
examples:
Elle m'a dit: « Je n'ai pas mes clefs »
Elle m'a dit qu'elle n'avait pas ses clefs.
Elle m'a dit: « Je n'ai pas vos clefs »
Elle m'a dit qu'elle n'avait pas mes clefs
Elle m'a dit: « Ces clefs sont à toi »
Elle m'a dit que ces clefs étaient les miennes.
Elle m'a dit: « Ces clefs ne sont pas à moi »
Elle m'a dit que ces clefs n'étaient pas à elle.
how do words that express time change in the reported speech?
when you report a person’s words at the very moment they are spoken, there is no change because the same time reference exists (hier, aujourd’hui, demain…). on the other hand, when you report words spoken at another time and in another place, changes must be made to the time reference, since it’s no longer the same.
hier → la veille
aujourd’hui → ce jour-là
Il a dit : « Elles se sont promenées aujourd’hui. »
Il a dit qu’elles s’étaient promenées ce jour-là.
demain → le lendemain
Elle a dit : « Il pleuvra demain. »
Elle a dit qu’il pleuvrait le lendemain.