Mani/Pedi

Anatomy

The study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the human body.

Myology

The study of muscles, including their tissues, structures, and diseases.

Osteology

The branch of anatomy dealing with the structure and function of bones.

Clavicle

Collarbone that connects the shoulder to the sternum.

Scapula

Shoulder blade bone that forms part of the shoulder joint.

Humerus

The uppermost and largest bone of the arm.

Radius

The shorter forearm bone located on the thumb side.

Ulna

The longer forearm bone located on the pinky side.

Carpus Bones

Eight irregular bones that make up the wrist.

Metacarpals

Five bones that form the palm of the hand.

Phalanges

Bones that make up the fingers.

Femur

The longest bone in the human body located in the thigh.

Patella

The kneecap that protects the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger bone of the lower leg that supports most body weight.

Fibula

The thinner lower leg bone that supports the tibia.

Tarsals

Bones of the ankle and back part of the foot.

Metatarsals

Bones in the middle portion of the foot.

Phalanges (Foot)

Bones that form the toes.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle on the front of the upper arm responsible for lifting the forearm, flexing the elbow, and turning the palms outward.

Triceps Brachii

Muscle on the back of the upper arm responsible for extending the forearm.

Deltoid

Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side.

Extensors

Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers.

Flexors

Muscles responsible for bending the wrist.

Pronator

Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward.

Supinator

Muscle that rotates the radius outward and turns the palm upward.

Digital Nerves

Nerves that relay messages from the central nervous system to the fingers.

Radial Nerve

Nerve that relays messages from the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand.

Median Nerve

Nerve that relays messages to the arm and hand between the radial and ulnar nerves.

Ulnar Nerve

Nerve that relays messages to the little finger side of the arm and palm.

Flexion

A motion that decreases the angle between bones in a joint.

Extension

A motion that increases the angle between bones in a joint.

Hyperextension

A motion that extends beyond the normal limits of a joint.

Rotation

A motion where a bone turns around its own axis.

Medial

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Natural Nail (Onyx)

A hard but flexible structure made mostly of keratin that protects the tips of fingers and toes.

Keratin

A protein that makes up hair, skin, and nails.

Healthy Nail Water Content

A healthy nail contains approximately 15–25% water.

Average Fingernail Growth

Fingernails grow approximately 3–4 mm per month.

Fingernail Regrowth Time

Fingernails take about 4–6 months to fully regrow.

Toenail Regrowth Time

Toenails take approximately 9–12 months to regrow.

Cuticle

Dead colorless tissue attached to the nail plate that seals the space between the nail plate and skin.

Eponychium

Living skin at the base of the nail that covers and protects the nail matrix.

Nail Bed

Living skin beneath the nail plate that supplies nutrients and gives the nail its pink appearance.

Nail Plate

The visible hard keratin structure made of about 100 layers of cells.

Free Edge

The part of the nail plate that extends past the fingertip.

Nail Matrix

The root of the nail that produces new nail cells.

Lunula

The visible whitish half-moon shape at the base of the nail.

Hyponychium

The thickened skin underneath the free edge that protects against infection.

Nail Fold

The skin surrounding the nail that forms grooves guiding nail growth.

Functions of Nails

Protect fingertips, assist with small object handling, scratching, and grooming.

Bacteria

Microscopic single-celled organisms found everywhere that can be harmless or harmful.

Pathogenic Bacteria

Harmful bacteria that cause disease.

Non-Pathogenic Bacteria

Harmless or beneficial bacteria.

Stages of Bacterial Growth Active Stage

Bacteria grow, multiply, and reproduce rapidly.

Stages of Bacterial Growth Inactive Stage

Bacteria become dormant and form spores to survive harsh conditions.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Broken Skin

Bacteria can enter through cuts or wounds.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Mouth

Bacteria can enter through ingestion.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Nose

Bacteria can enter through breathing.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Eyes

Bacteria can enter through eye exposure.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Ears

Bacteria can enter through ear canals.

How Bacteria Enter the Body Unprotected Sex

Bacteria can enter through bodily fluids.

Fungi

Microorganisms that cause contagious infections of skin, hair, and nails.

Ringworm (Tinea Corporis)

A fungal infection affecting the skin.

Tinea Barbae

Fungal infection affecting the beard area.

Onychomycosis

Fungal infection affecting the nail.

Virus

Microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to reproduce.

Local Infection

Infection confined to one area of the body.

General Infection

Infection that spreads through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

Immunity

The body's ability to resist disease and infection.

Natural Immunity

Resistance developed through inherited traits or a healthy lifestyle.

Acquired Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to disease or vaccination.

Sanitation

The lowest level of infection control that reduces pathogens on surfaces.

Disinfection

Middle level of infection control that kills most microorganisms on non-porous surfaces.

Sterilization

The highest level of infection control that kills all microorganisms including spores.

Autoclave

A device used for sterilization using high pressure steam.

Nail Disorder

A condition of the nail caused by disease, injury, or body imbalance.

Leukonychia

White spots under the nail plate.

Beau’s Lines

Horizontal grooves across the nail plate.

Onycholysis

Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.

Bruised Nail

Blood clot under the nail caused by injury.

Onychatrophia

Wasting away of the nail.

Eggshell Nails

Thin, white nails that curve over the free edge.

Furrows (Corrugation)

Ridges running across or lengthwise in the nail plate.

Melanonychia

Dark band of pigment within the nail plate.

Onychauxis

Thickening or overgrowth of the nail.

Trumpet Nails

Nails that curve inward forming a tube shape.

Pincer Nails

Severely curved nails that pinch the nail bed.

Plicatured Nails

Involuted nails resembling a half-closed staple.

Onychocryptosis

Ingrown nail where the nail grows into surrounding skin.

Onychophagy

Bitten nails caused by chronic nail biting.

Onychophosis

Growth of horny tissue in the nail bed.

Onychogryphosis

Ram’s horn nails caused by uneven nail growth.

Onychorrhexis

Brittle nails with lengthwise ridges.

Nail Pterygium

Abnormal scarring of nail folds.

Pseudomonas

Bacterial infection often causing green discoloration in nails.

Onychia

Inflammation of the nail unit with redness or pus.