Everything to study for HBNS200 final

The breakdown of dietary starch to glucose in the small intestine is considered _________

Digestion

Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves _________

back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass

Sorbitol is ___

a sugar alcohol

absorbed and metabolized more slowly than glucose and other sugars

used in candies and gums

(All of these choices are correct)

The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is _________

2000 kcal

_________blank is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits.

Functional Fiber

The adequate intake for dietary fiber is set at 14 g/1000 kcal. (true or false)

True

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to _________

The liver

Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of _________

Saturated fatty acids

The side chain, or R portion, of an amino acid _________

Determines the name of the amino acid

All the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT _________

Avocados

Which bodily function is not associated with protein?

Sparing glucose for energy use as the primary source of energy

Normal fasting glucose refers to the range from

70 up to 100 mg/dL.

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?

They do not dissolve in water

Which of the following organs is the first to respond to a rise in blood glucose levels?

Pancreas

Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of _________

Hydrogenation

Which of the following groups of foods would contribute a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet?

Olive oil, peanuts, and almonds

Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers which act as enzymes to digest fats. (true or false)

False

The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT _________

Build and Repair tissue

Scientists have shown that eating a high sugar diet causes diabetes. (true or false)

False

Phospholipids consist of _________

glycerol, two fatty acids, and phosphate

The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet is recommended by the American Diabetes Association to control blood glucose levels and prevent type 2 diabetes. (true or false)

False

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?

HDL

What is a common function of plant sterols?

Inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol

Ketones are produced from _________

acetyl-CoA

Individuals with bulimia nervosa often have a problem with _________

an inability to control responses to impulse and desire

Oxalic acid binds some minerals so they cannot be absorbed. Oxalic acid is found in _________

some leafy, green vegetables, such as spinach

Phytic acid binds some minerals so that they cannot be absorbed. Phytic acid is found in ________.

Whole grain fibers

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT _________

ALL of these factors can effect vitamin D synthesis

• use of sunscreen

• geographic locationIncorrect

• skin color

Satiety is largely regulated by the _________

hypothalamus

Underwater weighing assesses body composition based on the principle that _________

lean body tissue is more dense than adipose tissue

Rich dietary sources of choline are _________

meats, eggs, and dairy products

Beta-carotene _________

can be converted to vitamin A in the body

The major function(s) of the stomach is/are _________

to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme

Approximately how many calories are in this Chick-fil-A meal that provides 41g of carbohydrates, 29g protein and 17g fat?

430 calories

An example of a prebiotic is _________

inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus

An evaluation of nutritional health includes _________

All of these choices are correct

• biochemical assessment

• dietary assessment

• medical history

• anthropometric measurements

The energy value of dietary carbohydrates is _________blank kcal per gram.

4

The RDA for carbohydrate intake is 300 g/day. (true or false)

False

Zoochemicals are physiologically active compounds found in plants. (true or false)

false

To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain _________

at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food

The smallest functional unit of the human body is the _________

cell

A sugar not commonly found free in nature that combines with glucose to form the disaccharide lactose is _________

galactose

The villi found in the small intestine of the gastrointestinal tract ________.

All of these choices are correct.

• are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine

• are covered with the brush border (microvilli)

• contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes

• produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption

An example of a probiotic is _________

bacteria in yogurt

Secretions from the pancreas include _________

sodium bicarbonate and amylase, lipase, protease

Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide _________blank of energy.

45%-65%

Human digestion of food begins in the _________blank, where the enzyme _________blank breaks down a small amount of starch.

mouth; amylase

What will happen to fat digestion if a gallbladder is removed?

Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion; individuals will need to limit fatty foods.

Heartburn is caused by _________

the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the _________

ileocecal sphincter

Celiac disease is best treated by _________

a gluten-free diet

The principal sugar found in milk is _________

lactose

The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order.

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, consumers should limit their intake of added sugars to _________blank percent of total energy.

10

Glucose, galactose, and fructose _________

are monosaccharides

The (obesrvational) study of the distribution of disease in human populations is ________.

epidemiology

Bicarbonate released from the pancreas _________

neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum

The three elements in simple sugar are _________

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Tissues are defined as _________

a collection of cells that perform a specific function

The absorptive process that requires a facilitator and energy in the form of ATP is _________

active absorption

Lymph _________

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

Phytochemicals are _________

plant substances that provide health benefits

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of _________

fat

Most large dietary fats will _________

enter the lymphatic system

When body systems are operating normally and nutrient stores are being maintained, an individual is said to be ________.

in desirable nutritional status

In what order does food pass through the organs of the GI tract?

Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon

A coordinated, wave of muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called _________

peristalsis

Many factors influence food choices. Which factor relates to the knowledge, beliefs, religion, and traditions shared by a group of people?

Culture

Which of the following are complex carbohydrates not broken down by digestive processes:

fiber

Bile is formed in the _________blank and stored in the _________blank.

liver; gallbladder

Three important disaccharides are _________

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system?

Kidneys

What type of claim is "builds strong bones and teeth"?

Structure/function claim

Most of the digestive processes occur in the _________

small intestine

Which of the following is classified as a non-nutritive sweetener?

Aspartame

The fluid mixture that moves from the stomach to the duodenum is called _________

chyme

What eating behavior does MyPlate specifically encourage?

Make at least half your grains whole grains.

The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the _________

pyloric sphincter

Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of _________

carbohydrates

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

All of these responses are true.

• They apply to people in Canada and the U.S.

• They differ by age group.

• They include Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels.

• They were created by the Food and Nutrition Board.

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is _________

starch

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

The main objective of Healthy People 2030 is to help Americans ________.

attain healthy, thriving lives and well being, free from preventable disease disability, injury, and premature death.

The AI for fiber for women (ages 18-50 years) is _________

25 g/day

Glucose is classified as a _________

simple sugar

Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be _________

nutrient dense

Functions of the large intestine include _________

All of these responses are correct.

• housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy

• absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium

• the defecation of feces

The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide _________

energy

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are designed to reduce the risk of _________

All of these responses are correct.

The psychological desire to eat certain foods and reject others is defined by:

appetite

Individuals with lactose intolerance can usually tolerate small amounts of _________

All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.

• yogurt

• nonfat milk

• cheddar cheese

Lactose intolerance results from _________

lactase insufficiency

Maintaining one's ideal body weight is a good means of decreasing risk of type 2 diabetes. (true or false)

True

The common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids is _________

the citric acid cycle

Changes in blood glucose levels will typically result in the following scenario

Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon

Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they _________

elevate LDL levels, while decreasing HDL

The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is _________

10% to 35%

Persons with diabetes can never eat sugar. (true or false)

False

Ketosis increases with _________

All of these choices are correct.

• uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus

• fasting

• a low-carbohydrate diet

In what form is most body fat stored?

Triglycerides