CH8 Socioemotional Devlopment in Early Childhood

Chapter 8

Self understanding

The representation of self the substance and content of self conceptions.

Understanding others

Children start perceiving other in terms of psychological traits.

Emotion- Coaching Parents

Monitor their children’s emotions.

• View negative emotions as opportunities for teaching

• Assist them in labeling 

• Coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

Emotion-dismissing parents

View their roles as to deny, ignore or change negative emotions

• Linked to toddlers’ lower emotional competence

Heteronomous Morality

Approximately 4 to 7 years of age; emphasis on justice and rules

• the heteronomous thinker also believes in immanent justice.

Immanent Justice

If a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

Autonomous morality

Older children become aware of rules and laws are created by people, and that when judging ac action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.

Parent relations:

Parents have the power and authority while children do not are less likely to advance moral reasoning, because rules are handed down in authoritarian manner.

• Relational Quality

• Parental discipline

• Proactive strategies

• Conversational Dialogue

Gender

The characteristics of people as males and females

Gender identity

the sense of being male or female which most children acquire by the age of 3

Gender role

A cultural set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Gender typing

The acquisition of a role traditional masculine or feminine role.

Biological Influences

Chromosomes and Hormones

Estrogen

influence the devlopment of female physcal sex characterisitics

Androgen 

Promote the development of male and physical sex characteristics evolution.

Adaptation

Duration Human evolution produced psychological differences between males and females.

Social Role Theory

Gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.

Psychoanalytic theory of Gender

the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite- sex parent

Social Cognitive theory of gender

Children’s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of others’ words and actions.

Gender Schema Theory

Children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender- inappropriate in their culture.

Schema

Cognitive structure a network of associations that guides perceptions.

Gender schema

Organizes the world in terms of female and male

Authoritarian Parenting (Baumrind’s Parenting Style)

A restrictive punitive style.

• Child is to follow directions an respects parent’s work and effort.

• Allows little verbal exchange

• Associated with children’s social incompetence and higher level of aggression.

Authoritative Parenting (Baumrind’s Parenting Style)

Encourage children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.

• Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed

• Associated with children’s social competence and prosocial behavior.

Neglectful Parenting (Baumrind’s Parenting styles)

The parent is uninvolved in the child’s life. 

Associated with social incompetence in children, along with poor self-control, low self- esteem, immaturity, and alienation.

In adolescence, may contribute to truancy and delinquency.

Indulgent Parenting (Buamrids’s parenting style)

Parent are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them.

Children never learn to control their own behavior an always expect to get their way.

Children rarely learn to respect for other, have difficulty controlling their behavior.

They may be domineering,

Punishment:

Physical punishment is outlawed in 59 countries as of 2020.

Avoid because of..

• Present an out-of-control model

• Can instill fear, rage, or avoidance,

• Focus on what not to do, rather then what to do.

• Can be abusive

• It is better to reason and explain consequences with the child.

Types of Child maltreatment:

• Physical Abuse

• Child Neglect

• Sexual Abuse

• Emotional Abuse

First Born:

Perfectionist

Achiever

Leader

Bossy

Motivated

Controlling

COntrolling

Middle Child

Adaptable

Independent

Go-between

People-pleaser

Can be rebellious

Feels left out 

Peacemaker

Social

Last Born

Social

Charming

Outgoing

Uncomplicated

Manipulative

Seeks- attention

Self-centered

Fun

Only Child

Confident

Conscientious

Responsible

Perfectionist

Center of attention

Mature for their age

Seek approval

sensitive

leader

Nonsocial Activity

Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and Solitary play

(18 months- 2.5 years)

Parellel Play

Plays near other children with similar material. Does not try to influence

(2years)

Associative Play

Engages in separate activities. Exchanges toys and comments.

(3-4 years)

Cooperative Play

Orients with peers towards a common play goal

(4-6 years)