Charlemagne, Medieval Europe, and Feudal System Overview

What years did Charlemagne reign?

768-814

Who succeeded to the Frankish throne in 768?

Charlemagne, upon the death of his father Pepin III.

What significant title was Charlemagne given by Pope Leo III?

Emperor of the Romans

What was unique about Charlemagne's rule in Western Europe?

It was the first time since the fall of Rome that most Western Europeans were ruled by one government.

What was the impact of Charlemagne's crowning on the relationship between the Church and the state?

It laid the groundwork for future power struggles between Roman Catholic popes and German Emperors.

What was Canon Law?

The law of the Church that all people were subject to.

What were the consequences of excommunication?

Banishment from the Church, meaning one could not go to heaven, and all vassals would be freed from service.

What is an interdict?

A decree that prohibits sacraments from being performed on a king's lands.

What role did monasteries play in medieval society?

They were self-sufficient, served as hospitals and shelters, preserved knowledge, and spread Christianity.

What was lay investiture?

A ceremony where church officials were appointed by kings or nobles, which was banned by Pope Gregory VII in 1075.

What was the outcome of the Concordat of Worms in 1122?

It was decided that the Church alone could appoint Bishops, but the emperor had veto power over any appointment.

What was the purpose of the Inquisition initiated by Pope Innocent III?

To root out heretics and often used torture to gain confessions.

What were the living conditions for Jews in medieval Europe?

Conditions worsened, they were blamed for Jesus' death, expelled from parts of Europe, and often relocated to Eastern Europe.

What characterized the feudal system after Charlemagne's death?

A social system of rigid class distinctions, local government, military defense, and self-sufficient agricultural manors.

What was the role of knights in the feudal system?

They were bound by a code of honor, defended the manor and people, and provided protection.

What was the economic system based on agriculture called?

Manorialism

What were serfs required to do in exchange for protection?

Farm the land, make payments of goods, and complete repairs on roads and bridges.

What rights did women have in medieval society?

Women had few rights, often married young, managed households, and some managed estates in the lord's absence.

How did the Church serve as a unifying force during the Middle Ages?

It provided a common belief system and a place for community gatherings, with sacraments needed for salvation.

What was the significance of the village Church during the Middle Ages?

It was a gathering place for the people and central to their religious life.

What was the role of local priests in the Church?

They were the main contact the people had with the Church.

What did the term 'Heresy' refer to?

Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.

What was the Code of Chivalry?

A set of rules knights were bound to, emphasizing bravery, fairness in battle, and respect for women.

What educational challenges did priests face in medieval times?

Most priests were poorly educated, and few people could read and write.

What were illuminated manuscripts?

Ancient works preserved by scribes in monasteries, often decorated with gold and vivid colors.