W - BIOL200 - 5.1-5.2, THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY, GENES AND MRNA
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29 Terms
Q: What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
A: DNA → RNA → Protein. DNA encodes RNA, RNA encodes protein.
Q: What stores information in genes?
A: DNA.
Q: What transcribes genes into mRNA?
A: RNA Polymerase.
Q: What is the role of mRNA?
A: Intermediate that carries gene info to ribosome for translation.
Q: What are two other RNAs transcribed from DNA?
A: rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA).
Q: What translates mRNA into protein?
A: Ribosome.
Q: What do proteins do in a cell?
A: Carry out essential functions.
Q: Which RNAs are transcribed from DNA?
A: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
Q: Why is RNA handled carefully in labs?
A: It’s single-stranded and degraded easily by RNase enzymes.
Q: If a virus has A:11%, G:32%, U:18%, C:39%, is it DNA or RNA?
A: RNA (has U), single-stranded (base percentages don’t match).
Q: What are the 3 parts of a gene?
A: Promoter, Coding Region, Terminator.
Q: What does the promoter do?
A: Upstream region; binds polymerase; starts transcription.
Q: What does the coding region do?
A: Codes for mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA.
Q: What does the terminator do?
A: Downstream; signals transcription to stop.
Q: What is the template strand?
A: DNA strand read by polymerase (3′→5′).
Q: What is the coding strand?
A: DNA strand identical to mRNA (except T/U).
Q: Direction DNA is read?
A: 3′→5′.
Q: Direction RNA is made?
A: 5′→3′.
Q: What are the parts of bacterial mRNA?
A: 5′ UTR (ribosome binding site), Start Codon, Stop Codon, 3′ UTR.
Q: What does polycistronic mean?
A: Bacterial mRNA can encode multiple proteins in one strand.
Q: What is a codon?
A: 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
Q: Why is the code redundant?
A: Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
Q: Start codon?
A: AUG (methionine).
Q: How many stop codons?
A: 3.
Q: What pairs with mRNA codons?
A: tRNA anticodon.
Q: Enzyme that loads amino acids onto tRNA?
A: Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
Q: mRNA and tRNA interact how?
A: Antiparallel, hydrogen bonds.
Q: Wobble effect?
A: Looser pairing at 3′ codon position → flexibility.
Q: What is a reading frame?
A: Start to stop codon; changing frame can change protein.